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Raphidodinium
From Williams et al., 2017:
[Raphidodinium, Deflandre, 1936b, p. 184–185; Emendations: Sarjeant and Downie, 1982, p. 116–117; Below, 1987b, p. 57–58.
Tax. jr. syn.: Druggidium, according to Below (1987b, p.57) — however, Lentin and Williams (1989, p.121) retained Druggidium.
Type species: Raphidodinium fucatum, Deflandre, 1936b (pl.10, figs.1–2, 7)] ; emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1982
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Original description: [Deflandre 1936]: (Translation: Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 237):
Description:
The theca is ovoidal or pyriform, and separated into two very unequal parts by the transversal furrow. The epitheca and hypotheca are composed of plates, whose exact number has not yet been determined. Long, hollow, needle-like spines (apparently 8-10) radiate from around the theca, particularly around the transversal furrow, on whose borders the majority appear to be inserted. The length of these needles generally exceeds twice the diameter of the theca.
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Emended description:
Below, 1987: (Translation: Secretary of State, Canada, Translation Bureau, p. 160-161):
Description:
Arrangement of vesicle/plates on the dinoflagellate amphiesma cop, pop, cap, 4a, 7``, 7c, 6```, 2````, as, FM subdivided into several very small periflagellar platelets, ls, rs, ps; pentagonal 1```` and hexagonal 2```` partiform; omegaform ps very large; adelopore on suture 1````; growth of plates gonyaulacoidal.
Cyst habit proximate to chorate, acavate to cavate, spheroidal, ovaloidal, ovoidal, polyhedral, equatorial section circular to lenticular; size generally small; wall composed of pedium and luxuria, surface glabrous, ornamented, also with long processes, nonareate or areate, areation marked by finate ornamont, limbi, or intraareate ornament; areation formula NR PR/cop, pop,cap, NR`/4`, NRa/4a, NR``/7``, NRc/7c, NR```/6```, NR````/2````, NRs/as, FM, ls, rs, ps, with finis 3``/4`` usually characteristically dorsal, 2 antapicals partiform; archeopyle precingular, 3``/4``; operculum solvate, secate, gneral opercular formula 3``(s) + 4``(s).
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Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 222:
Affinities:
Suessia is the only described dinoflagellate cyst possessing nine series of paraplates.
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Sarjeant and Downie 1982:
Affinities:
Raphidodinium, as here defined, differs from Hystrichodinium Deflandre, 1935, emend. Stover and Evitt 1978, and Spiniferites Mantell, 1850, emend. Sarjeant, 1970 in the greater length of its gonal spines. It differs from Cauca Davey and Verdier, 1971, and from Xiphophoridium Sarjeant, 1966, in the nature of its archeopyle. (Those genera respectively have an epitractal and an apical archeopyle.).
[Raphidodinium, Deflandre, 1936b, p. 184–185; Emendations: Sarjeant and Downie, 1982, p. 116–117; Below, 1987b, p. 57–58.
Tax. jr. syn.: Druggidium, according to Below (1987b, p.57) — however, Lentin and Williams (1989, p.121) retained Druggidium.
Type species: Raphidodinium fucatum, Deflandre, 1936b (pl.10, figs.1–2, 7)] ; emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1982
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Original description: [Deflandre 1936]: (Translation: Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 237):
Description:
The theca is ovoidal or pyriform, and separated into two very unequal parts by the transversal furrow. The epitheca and hypotheca are composed of plates, whose exact number has not yet been determined. Long, hollow, needle-like spines (apparently 8-10) radiate from around the theca, particularly around the transversal furrow, on whose borders the majority appear to be inserted. The length of these needles generally exceeds twice the diameter of the theca.
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Emended description:
Below, 1987: (Translation: Secretary of State, Canada, Translation Bureau, p. 160-161):
Description:
Arrangement of vesicle/plates on the dinoflagellate amphiesma cop, pop, cap, 4a, 7``, 7c, 6```, 2````, as, FM subdivided into several very small periflagellar platelets, ls, rs, ps; pentagonal 1```` and hexagonal 2```` partiform; omegaform ps very large; adelopore on suture 1````; growth of plates gonyaulacoidal.
Cyst habit proximate to chorate, acavate to cavate, spheroidal, ovaloidal, ovoidal, polyhedral, equatorial section circular to lenticular; size generally small; wall composed of pedium and luxuria, surface glabrous, ornamented, also with long processes, nonareate or areate, areation marked by finate ornamont, limbi, or intraareate ornament; areation formula NR PR/cop, pop,cap, NR`/4`, NRa/4a, NR``/7``, NRc/7c, NR```/6```, NR````/2````, NRs/as, FM, ls, rs, ps, with finis 3``/4`` usually characteristically dorsal, 2 antapicals partiform; archeopyle precingular, 3``/4``; operculum solvate, secate, gneral opercular formula 3``(s) + 4``(s).
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Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 222:
Affinities:
Suessia is the only described dinoflagellate cyst possessing nine series of paraplates.
----------------------------------------------
Sarjeant and Downie 1982:
Affinities:
Raphidodinium, as here defined, differs from Hystrichodinium Deflandre, 1935, emend. Stover and Evitt 1978, and Spiniferites Mantell, 1850, emend. Sarjeant, 1970 in the greater length of its gonal spines. It differs from Cauca Davey and Verdier, 1971, and from Xiphophoridium Sarjeant, 1966, in the nature of its archeopyle. (Those genera respectively have an epitractal and an apical archeopyle.).