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Carpodinium
From Williams et al., 2017:
[Carpodinium, Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b, p. 489; Emendation: Leffingwell and Morgan, 1977, p. 297
Type species: Carpodinium granulatum, Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b (pl.1, figs.6–9)] ; emend. Leffingwell and Morgan, 1977
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Original description: [Cookson and Eisenack, 1962]:
Description:
Shell elongate-oval to ellipsoidal, divided almost equally by an equatorial girdle. Epitheca with a distinct horn, hypotheca devoid of horns or projections. Pre- and postequatorial probably six in number, elongate-trapezoidal and bordered by wings. The longitudinal furrow broadens gradually from behind the apex to the antapex. A pylome develops on the dorsal surface of the epitheca.
Affinities:
The genus Carpodinium bears a superficial resemblance to the genus Belodinium Cookson and Eisenack 1960. However, the two genera differ from one another in the mode of opening of the shells and in the development, in Belodinium, of a hypothecal expansion.
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Emended description:
Leffingwell and Morgan, 1977:
Description:
Elongate-ellipsoidal cysts with a prominent apical horn; wall layers closely appressed in the intratabular region of the reflected plate areas, but separating at the margins of the reflected plate areas to form inflated sutural crests, and at the apex to form a hollow subcylindrical apical horn; crests psilate, granulate or scabrate or slightly denticulate; reflected tabulation: 4`, 6``, 6c, 5```, 1p, 1````; Tabulation fully or incompletely reflected by variable developed crests, especially in the cingular, sulcal and antapical regions; longitudinal crests generally more prominently developed; surface of intratabular plate areas smooth or variously ornamented; precingular (3``) archaeopyle, operculum free.
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Modified description:
Stover and Evitt 1978, p. 145:
Synopsis:
Cysts proximate, elongate ellipsoidal to elongate polygonal, with a short hollow apical horn; paratabulation gonyaulacacean, indicated incompletely by sutural folds; archeopyle precingular, Type P.
Description:
Shape: Elongate ellipsoidal to elongate polygonal with a short, hollow, apical horn and a rounded or truncated antapical margin.
Wall relationships: Endophragm and periphragm appressed except at the base of horn and beneath parasutural folds where narrow, tunnel-like pericoels are formed.
Wall features: Parasutural folds well developed in precingular and postcingular areas; generally less well developed or absent elsewhere. Endophragm smooth or scabrate, periphragm variously ornamented with features of low relief.
Paratabulation: Indicated mainly by parasutural features; gonyaulacacean, formula: 4`, 6``, 0c-6c, 5```, 0-1p, 1````.
Archeopyle: Precingular, Type P (3`` only); operculum free.
Paracingulum: Indicated by parallel transverse septa or folds (mainly on dorsal surface) or by equatorial terminations of longitudinal parasutural features.
Parasulcus: Not indicated or delimited by bordering parasutural features.
Size: Intermediate.
Affinities:
Carpodinium differs from Prionodinium in having parasutural folds, beneath which are narrow, tunnel-like pericoels, rather than parasutural septa. In addition, the parasutural features in the paracingulum and parasulcal area may be less well developed in Carpodinium.
[Carpodinium, Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b, p. 489; Emendation: Leffingwell and Morgan, 1977, p. 297
Type species: Carpodinium granulatum, Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b (pl.1, figs.6–9)] ; emend. Leffingwell and Morgan, 1977
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Original description: [Cookson and Eisenack, 1962]:
Description:
Shell elongate-oval to ellipsoidal, divided almost equally by an equatorial girdle. Epitheca with a distinct horn, hypotheca devoid of horns or projections. Pre- and postequatorial probably six in number, elongate-trapezoidal and bordered by wings. The longitudinal furrow broadens gradually from behind the apex to the antapex. A pylome develops on the dorsal surface of the epitheca.
Affinities:
The genus Carpodinium bears a superficial resemblance to the genus Belodinium Cookson and Eisenack 1960. However, the two genera differ from one another in the mode of opening of the shells and in the development, in Belodinium, of a hypothecal expansion.
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Emended description:
Leffingwell and Morgan, 1977:
Description:
Elongate-ellipsoidal cysts with a prominent apical horn; wall layers closely appressed in the intratabular region of the reflected plate areas, but separating at the margins of the reflected plate areas to form inflated sutural crests, and at the apex to form a hollow subcylindrical apical horn; crests psilate, granulate or scabrate or slightly denticulate; reflected tabulation: 4`, 6``, 6c, 5```, 1p, 1````; Tabulation fully or incompletely reflected by variable developed crests, especially in the cingular, sulcal and antapical regions; longitudinal crests generally more prominently developed; surface of intratabular plate areas smooth or variously ornamented; precingular (3``) archaeopyle, operculum free.
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Modified description:
Stover and Evitt 1978, p. 145:
Synopsis:
Cysts proximate, elongate ellipsoidal to elongate polygonal, with a short hollow apical horn; paratabulation gonyaulacacean, indicated incompletely by sutural folds; archeopyle precingular, Type P.
Description:
Shape: Elongate ellipsoidal to elongate polygonal with a short, hollow, apical horn and a rounded or truncated antapical margin.
Wall relationships: Endophragm and periphragm appressed except at the base of horn and beneath parasutural folds where narrow, tunnel-like pericoels are formed.
Wall features: Parasutural folds well developed in precingular and postcingular areas; generally less well developed or absent elsewhere. Endophragm smooth or scabrate, periphragm variously ornamented with features of low relief.
Paratabulation: Indicated mainly by parasutural features; gonyaulacacean, formula: 4`, 6``, 0c-6c, 5```, 0-1p, 1````.
Archeopyle: Precingular, Type P (3`` only); operculum free.
Paracingulum: Indicated by parallel transverse septa or folds (mainly on dorsal surface) or by equatorial terminations of longitudinal parasutural features.
Parasulcus: Not indicated or delimited by bordering parasutural features.
Size: Intermediate.
Affinities:
Carpodinium differs from Prionodinium in having parasutural folds, beneath which are narrow, tunnel-like pericoels, rather than parasutural septa. In addition, the parasutural features in the paracingulum and parasulcal area may be less well developed in Carpodinium.