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Kiokansium
From Fensome et al., 2019:
Kiokansium, Stover and Evitt, 1978, p.167.
Emendation: Duxbury, 1983, p.48.
Taxonomic junior synonyms: Bacchidinium, according to Below (1982c, p.13–15) and Davey (1982a, p.377); Nexosispinum, according to Stover
and Williams (1987, p.163) -- however, Prössl (1990, p.104) retained Nexosispinum; Taleisphaera, according to Below (1982c, p.13–15) -- however, Lentin and Williams (1985, p.206) retained Taleisphaera.
Type: Tasch et al., 1964, pl.3, fig.8, as Hystrichosphaeridium unituberculatum.
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Original description: [Stover and Evitt, 1978]:
Synopsis:
Cysts skolochorate, body ellipsoidal, with numerous nontabular, normally solid processes having acuminate or simply branched tips; archeopyle precingular, Type 2P.
Description:
Shape: Body ellipsoidal.
Wall relationships: Autophragm only.
Wall features: No parasutural features. Nontabular processes normally solid with slender shafts and acuminate or simply branched tips; autophragm smooth.
Paratabulation: Indicated by archeopyle only.
Archeopyle: Precingular, Type 2P; opercular pieces free.
Paracingulum: Not indicated.
Parasulcus: Not indicated.
Size: Intermediate.
Affinities:
Kiokansium differs from Operculodinium and Exochosphaeridium in having a Type 2P rather than a Type P archeopyle. It differs further from the latter in possessing solid, smooth processes instead of fibrous processes and in lacking distinctive polar features.
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Emended description:
Duxbury, 1983:
Description:
Spheroidal to elongate ellipsoidal dinoflagellate cysts bearing solid, disacuminate or branched processes. Processes number from 19 to over 40. Archeopyle two-paraplate precingular paratabulation indicated only by archeopyle margin.
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Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Kiokansium Stover and Evitt, 1978, emend. Duxbury, 1983. Emended diagnosis from Duxbury (1983, p.48). Spheroidal to elongate ellipsoidal dinoflagellate cysts bearing solid, distally acuminate or branched processes. Processes number from 19 to over 40. Archeopyle two-paraplate precingular (3" + 4" according to Masure, 1986), with paratabulation indicated only by archeopyle margin.
Kiokansium, Stover and Evitt, 1978, p.167.
Emendation: Duxbury, 1983, p.48.
Taxonomic junior synonyms: Bacchidinium, according to Below (1982c, p.13–15) and Davey (1982a, p.377); Nexosispinum, according to Stover
and Williams (1987, p.163) -- however, Prössl (1990, p.104) retained Nexosispinum; Taleisphaera, according to Below (1982c, p.13–15) -- however, Lentin and Williams (1985, p.206) retained Taleisphaera.
Type: Tasch et al., 1964, pl.3, fig.8, as Hystrichosphaeridium unituberculatum.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Original description: [Stover and Evitt, 1978]:
Synopsis:
Cysts skolochorate, body ellipsoidal, with numerous nontabular, normally solid processes having acuminate or simply branched tips; archeopyle precingular, Type 2P.
Description:
Shape: Body ellipsoidal.
Wall relationships: Autophragm only.
Wall features: No parasutural features. Nontabular processes normally solid with slender shafts and acuminate or simply branched tips; autophragm smooth.
Paratabulation: Indicated by archeopyle only.
Archeopyle: Precingular, Type 2P; opercular pieces free.
Paracingulum: Not indicated.
Parasulcus: Not indicated.
Size: Intermediate.
Affinities:
Kiokansium differs from Operculodinium and Exochosphaeridium in having a Type 2P rather than a Type P archeopyle. It differs further from the latter in possessing solid, smooth processes instead of fibrous processes and in lacking distinctive polar features.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Emended description:
Duxbury, 1983:
Description:
Spheroidal to elongate ellipsoidal dinoflagellate cysts bearing solid, disacuminate or branched processes. Processes number from 19 to over 40. Archeopyle two-paraplate precingular paratabulation indicated only by archeopyle margin.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Kiokansium Stover and Evitt, 1978, emend. Duxbury, 1983. Emended diagnosis from Duxbury (1983, p.48). Spheroidal to elongate ellipsoidal dinoflagellate cysts bearing solid, distally acuminate or branched processes. Processes number from 19 to over 40. Archeopyle two-paraplate precingular (3" + 4" according to Masure, 1986), with paratabulation indicated only by archeopyle margin.