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Warrenia
From Fensome et al., 2019:
Monteil, 1992a, p.278–279. Taxonomic senior synonym: Desmocysta, according to Duxbury (2018, p.180). Type: Monteil, 1992a, pl.5, figs.1–2, as Warrenia californica.
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Original description: [Monteil, 1992]: (Translation: LPP)
Synopsis:
Cyst proximate to proximochorate, acavate, ovoidal, with or without antapical filaments; ornamentation smooth, finely granular, coarsely verrucate with anastomosing elements, or spinous; paratabulation gonyaulacoid, indicated by the archaeopyle only and/or partially to completely expressed by the penitabular/intratabular ornamentation; formula: ?1-2 pr, 4`, 0a, 6``, 6c, 6```, 1p, 1````, s; archaeopyle precingular, type 2P (3``+4``). Operculum consisting of two free opercular pieces.
Diagnosis:
Shape: Cyst proximate to proximochorate, acavate, ovoidal with or without antapical filaments. Apex and/or antapex sometimes marked by a slight bulge. In the spinous forms, the apex may be accented by a group of small spines.
Wall structure: Autophragm only.
Wall features: Ornamentation smooth, finely granular, coarsely verrucate with anastomosing elements or spinous.
Archaeopyle: Precingular, type 2P (3``+4``). Operculum consisting of two free opercular pieces.
Paratabulation: Indicated by the archaeopyle margin only and/or partially to completely expressed by the penitabular/intratabular ornamentation; gonyaulacoid, formula: ?1-2pr, 4`, 0a, 6``, 6c, 6```, 1p, 1````, s.
Paracingulum: Not indicated or clearly indicated by the ornamentation.
Parasulcus: Not indicated or sulcal area delimited by an absence and/or reduction of the ornamentation.
Size: Small, about 30-40 µm long.
Affinities:
The morphological features of Warrenia are compared to those of Gongylodinium, Desmocysta, Bitectatodinium and Lagenorhytis. If one accepts the attribution of Gongylodinium hocneratum to Dissiliodinium, as proposed by Prauss (1989), all these genera are monospecific and badly defined. This group should be studied.
- Warrenia: Shape: ovoidal; Antapical filaments; Wall: autophragm smooth, granulate to verrucate, spinous; Paratabulation: expressed by the penitabular/intratabular ornamentation; Opercular pieces: 3`` + 4``. Late Tithonian-earliest Cretaceous.
- Gongylodinium: Shape: subspherical; No antapical filaments; Wall: spongy autophragm; Paratabulation: indicated only by the archaeopyle; Opercular pieces: 3`` + 4``. Late Bajocian-Early Bathonian.
- Desmocysta: Shape: subspherical to ovoidal; Antapical filaments; Wall: autophragm smooth; Paratabulation: indicated only by the archaeopyle; Opercular pieces: 2`` + 3`` or 3`` + 4``. Aptian.
- Bitectatodinium: Shape: subspherical; No antapical filaments; Wall: thin endophragm and thick fibrous periphragm; Paratabulation: indicated by the archaeopyle and sometimes the paracingulum; Opercular pieces: 2`` + 3``. Middle Miocene -Middle Pleistocene.
- Lagenorhytis: Shape: subspherical to ovoidal with hollow apical horn; No antapical filaments; Wall: autophram smooth or very reduced ornamentation; Paratabulation: indicated only by the archaeopyle; Opercular pieces: presumably 3`` + 4``. Late Ryazanian-Valanginian.
Monteil, 1992a, p.278–279. Taxonomic senior synonym: Desmocysta, according to Duxbury (2018, p.180). Type: Monteil, 1992a, pl.5, figs.1–2, as Warrenia californica.
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Original description: [Monteil, 1992]: (Translation: LPP)
Synopsis:
Cyst proximate to proximochorate, acavate, ovoidal, with or without antapical filaments; ornamentation smooth, finely granular, coarsely verrucate with anastomosing elements, or spinous; paratabulation gonyaulacoid, indicated by the archaeopyle only and/or partially to completely expressed by the penitabular/intratabular ornamentation; formula: ?1-2 pr, 4`, 0a, 6``, 6c, 6```, 1p, 1````, s; archaeopyle precingular, type 2P (3``+4``). Operculum consisting of two free opercular pieces.
Diagnosis:
Shape: Cyst proximate to proximochorate, acavate, ovoidal with or without antapical filaments. Apex and/or antapex sometimes marked by a slight bulge. In the spinous forms, the apex may be accented by a group of small spines.
Wall structure: Autophragm only.
Wall features: Ornamentation smooth, finely granular, coarsely verrucate with anastomosing elements or spinous.
Archaeopyle: Precingular, type 2P (3``+4``). Operculum consisting of two free opercular pieces.
Paratabulation: Indicated by the archaeopyle margin only and/or partially to completely expressed by the penitabular/intratabular ornamentation; gonyaulacoid, formula: ?1-2pr, 4`, 0a, 6``, 6c, 6```, 1p, 1````, s.
Paracingulum: Not indicated or clearly indicated by the ornamentation.
Parasulcus: Not indicated or sulcal area delimited by an absence and/or reduction of the ornamentation.
Size: Small, about 30-40 µm long.
Affinities:
The morphological features of Warrenia are compared to those of Gongylodinium, Desmocysta, Bitectatodinium and Lagenorhytis. If one accepts the attribution of Gongylodinium hocneratum to Dissiliodinium, as proposed by Prauss (1989), all these genera are monospecific and badly defined. This group should be studied.
- Warrenia: Shape: ovoidal; Antapical filaments; Wall: autophragm smooth, granulate to verrucate, spinous; Paratabulation: expressed by the penitabular/intratabular ornamentation; Opercular pieces: 3`` + 4``. Late Tithonian-earliest Cretaceous.
- Gongylodinium: Shape: subspherical; No antapical filaments; Wall: spongy autophragm; Paratabulation: indicated only by the archaeopyle; Opercular pieces: 3`` + 4``. Late Bajocian-Early Bathonian.
- Desmocysta: Shape: subspherical to ovoidal; Antapical filaments; Wall: autophragm smooth; Paratabulation: indicated only by the archaeopyle; Opercular pieces: 2`` + 3`` or 3`` + 4``. Aptian.
- Bitectatodinium: Shape: subspherical; No antapical filaments; Wall: thin endophragm and thick fibrous periphragm; Paratabulation: indicated by the archaeopyle and sometimes the paracingulum; Opercular pieces: 2`` + 3``. Middle Miocene -Middle Pleistocene.
- Lagenorhytis: Shape: subspherical to ovoidal with hollow apical horn; No antapical filaments; Wall: autophram smooth or very reduced ornamentation; Paratabulation: indicated only by the archaeopyle; Opercular pieces: presumably 3`` + 4``. Late Ryazanian-Valanginian.