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Spiniferella
From Williams et al., 2017:
[Spiniferella, Stover and Hardenbol, 1994, p. 38-39
Type species: Spiniferella cornuta, (Gerlach, 1961, p. 180-181) Stover and Hardenbol, 1994, p. 38: emend. Stover and Hardenbol, 1994, p. 38-39, comb. nov.; originally Hystrichosphaera cornuta, Gerlach, 1961 (pl. 27, figs. 10-12)]
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Original description: [Stover and Hardenbol, 1994]:
Synopsis:
Skolochorate cysts with ellipsoidal bodies bearing spiniferate gonal and intergonal processes as well as parasutural septa; paratabulation gonyaulacoid, last precingular paraplate subquadrangular to pentangular, hypocystal paraplate configuration standard sexiform.
Description:
Shape: Cysts are skolochorate with ellipsoidal bodies which bear spiniferate, gonal and intergonal processes and parasutural septa formed by the periphragm.
Wall Relationships: Periphragm thin and is appressed to thicker endophragm except where processes and parasutural septa are developed.
Wall Features: Parasutural septa extend between the gonal and intergonal spiniferate processes; a prominent apical process is present on the type species. Endophragm ornamented with features of low relief; periphragm smooth or faintly ornamented.
Excystment Mode: Archeopyle precingular, opening formed by the release of paraplate 3"; operculum monoplacoid and secate.
Paratabulation: Indicated by parasutural septa and processes; gonyaulacoid, formula: 3 4`, 6", 6c, 5```, 1p, 1````. Last precingular paraplate (6``) relatively large and subquadrangular or pentangular. Hypocystal paratabulation pattern standard sexiform.
Paracingulum: Clearly indicated by transverse parasutural septa and subdivided into six rectangular paraplates by short, longitudinal septa. Paracingulum laevorotatory, anterior ends offset markedly.
Parasulcus: Delimited by parasutural septa; undivided.
Size: Intermediate to large.
Comparison:
Spiniferella differs from Spiniferites Mantell 1850 emended Sarjeant 1970 by having a relatively large last precingular paraplate that is subquadrangular to pentangular rather than subtriangular. Thus the ventral epicystal paraplate relationships of Spiniferella are like those of Leptodinium Klement 1960 emended Sarjeant 1982, however, Leptodinium does not have processes.
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Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Spiniferella Stover and Hardenbol, 1994. Synopsis from Stover and Hardenbol (1994), skolochorate cysts with ellipsoidal bodies which bear spiniferate, gonal and intergonal processes as well as parasutural septa; paratabulation gonyaulacoid, last precingular paraplate subquadrangular to pentangular, hypocystal paraplate configuration standard sexiform.
[Spiniferella, Stover and Hardenbol, 1994, p. 38-39
Type species: Spiniferella cornuta, (Gerlach, 1961, p. 180-181) Stover and Hardenbol, 1994, p. 38: emend. Stover and Hardenbol, 1994, p. 38-39, comb. nov.; originally Hystrichosphaera cornuta, Gerlach, 1961 (pl. 27, figs. 10-12)]
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Original description: [Stover and Hardenbol, 1994]:
Synopsis:
Skolochorate cysts with ellipsoidal bodies bearing spiniferate gonal and intergonal processes as well as parasutural septa; paratabulation gonyaulacoid, last precingular paraplate subquadrangular to pentangular, hypocystal paraplate configuration standard sexiform.
Description:
Shape: Cysts are skolochorate with ellipsoidal bodies which bear spiniferate, gonal and intergonal processes and parasutural septa formed by the periphragm.
Wall Relationships: Periphragm thin and is appressed to thicker endophragm except where processes and parasutural septa are developed.
Wall Features: Parasutural septa extend between the gonal and intergonal spiniferate processes; a prominent apical process is present on the type species. Endophragm ornamented with features of low relief; periphragm smooth or faintly ornamented.
Excystment Mode: Archeopyle precingular, opening formed by the release of paraplate 3"; operculum monoplacoid and secate.
Paratabulation: Indicated by parasutural septa and processes; gonyaulacoid, formula: 3 4`, 6", 6c, 5```, 1p, 1````. Last precingular paraplate (6``) relatively large and subquadrangular or pentangular. Hypocystal paratabulation pattern standard sexiform.
Paracingulum: Clearly indicated by transverse parasutural septa and subdivided into six rectangular paraplates by short, longitudinal septa. Paracingulum laevorotatory, anterior ends offset markedly.
Parasulcus: Delimited by parasutural septa; undivided.
Size: Intermediate to large.
Comparison:
Spiniferella differs from Spiniferites Mantell 1850 emended Sarjeant 1970 by having a relatively large last precingular paraplate that is subquadrangular to pentangular rather than subtriangular. Thus the ventral epicystal paraplate relationships of Spiniferella are like those of Leptodinium Klement 1960 emended Sarjeant 1982, however, Leptodinium does not have processes.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Spiniferella Stover and Hardenbol, 1994. Synopsis from Stover and Hardenbol (1994), skolochorate cysts with ellipsoidal bodies which bear spiniferate, gonal and intergonal processes as well as parasutural septa; paratabulation gonyaulacoid, last precingular paraplate subquadrangular to pentangular, hypocystal paraplate configuration standard sexiform.