Back
Cribroperidinium granuligerum
From Fensome et al., 2019:
Cribroperidinium granuligerum (Klement, 1960, p.41–42, pl.5, figs.4–5) Stover and Evitt, 1978, p.150. Emendation: Sarjeant, 1984a, p.156, as Cryptarchaeodinium granuligerum. Holotype: Klement, 1960, pl.5, figs.4–5; Sarjeant, 1984a, pl.1, figs.3– 4; text-fig.1; Jan du Chêne et al., 1986a, pl.27, figs.11–14. Originally Gonyaulax (Appendix B), subsequently Gonyaulacysta, thirdly (and now) Cribroperidinium, fourthly Rhynchodiniopsis, fifthly Cryptarchaeodinium, sixthly Acanthaulax. Poulsen (1996, p.75) retained this species in Cribroperidinium. Taxonomic senior synonym: Gonyaulax (as Cribroperidinium) granulata, according to Fisher and Riley (1980, p.321) — however, Sarjeant (1984a, p.156–158) retained Gonyaulax (as Cryptarchaeodinium) granuligera. Age: middle Oxfordian–early Kimmeridgian.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Original description as Gonyaulax granuligera: [Klement 1960, p. 41-42] (Translation: GSC):
Diagnosis:
A species of the genus Gonyaulax with the following tabulation scheme: 4'',6'',6''',1p, 1ppl, 1''''. Elongated polyhedral theca, apically developing into a thick long horn (without a constricted area being present in the transition area from theca to horn). Plates and sutures ranging from being granulated to being tuberculated. Plates frequently display parallel, granulated suture "duplications". Helicoidal girdle furrow, displaced distally about 1.5 to 2 times its won width. Longitudinal furrow extending from the 1st. apical plate to the antapex, divergently widening on the hypotheca, with intercalary lower plate.
Description:
This species, which occurs much more seldom than Gonyaulax granulata KLEMENT, differs from G. granulata by virtue of the elongated-polyhedral shape of the theca which displays a thick apical horn.
The tabulation, as well as the location and structure of the sutures and the type of ornamentation on the plates correspond in all details to those described in the case of the G.granulata n.sp. (In analogous manner, characteristic parallel suture "duplications' are present here as well).
In this species, the theca displays a slightly polygonal, elongated contour with a conically terminating epitheca which, without any construction, turns into the apical horn, namely via the four upwardly drawn apical plates. This horn appears to be relatively long and thick and was found to be hollow in its lower third portion and connected with the internal area of the cell, whereas the remaining 2/3 portion is solid. The distal extremity appears to bear a three-fold denticulation; in the case of the holotype, an additional lateral spine arises from a point located about 2/3 up on the horn.
Centrally, the plates of the theca show a shallow indentation and, toward the sutures, they are curved upwardly in an arch-like manner. This can be seen particularly well when viewing the curved upper edge of the pylome (taking the place of plate 3''), in the center of which the suture between plate 2' and plate 3' terminates, as well as when viewing the lateral boundaries of said pylome.
The helicoidal girdle furrow does not appear to be very indented; distally, its is displaced 1.5 to slightly more than 2 times its own width.
The longitudinal furrow is noticeable indented and, on the hypotheca, shows a particularly pronounced divergent widening. An intercalary lower plate could be ascertained unequivocally.
The membrane displays light yellow to brownish colorations and is finely granulated. We could not find any reticulated specimens.
Relationships:
The closest related species is G.granulata KLEMENT, see there for detailed differential-diagnosis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Emended diagnosis: Sarjeant, 1984, p.157
Cyst proximate, monocornucavate. Ambitus ovoidal to rounded-subpolygonal. Apical horn of moderate length; stout, broad-based and tapering slightly to a blunt tip. Hypotract slightly larger than epitract; epitract hemiovoidal, hypotract having the outline of a truncated cone with slightly convex flanks. Parasutures marked by low ridges intermittently giving rise to short spinules, simple or bifid. Paratabulation 2pr, 4', 1-?2a, 6", 6c, 7''', 2p, 1pv, 1'''', 6s. Cingulum narrow, strongly laevorotatory, its two ends differing in anteroposterior position by over four times its width. Sulcus broad and only shallowly indented, occupied by a large anterior sulcal paraplate, three tiny median sulcals (the central one associated with flagellar marks) and two posterior sulcals. A characteristic feature is the arrangement of five paraplates of the posterior ventral surface (in order 7''', 2p, 1pv, 1p, 2'''), which form a broad U shape about the posterior end of the sulcus. Paraplate 4" is large and quadrate, having a broad junction with 6"; the boundary between these paraplates joins the lefthand boundary of 1" just anterior to the junction of the latter paraplate with the sulcus. Archaeopyle single-plate precingular, Type P (3''' only); operculum free.
Dimensions: Holotype: overall length 84 µm, length of apical horn 14.5 µm. Range of dimensions; overall length 72-84 µm, overall breadth 58-69 µm.
Description: Sarjeant, 1984, p.157-158
The blunt tip of the apical horn is occupied by the first preapical paraplate (1pr), while the second, equally well marked and quadrate in shape, occupies the right flank of the horn tip. Paraplate 1" has a fairly broad boundary with the cingulum. At least one small anterior intercalary paraplate is present on the dorsal surface and perhaps two, but their number and exact shape could not be confirmed. Paraplate 4" is large and 6", in consequence, of somewhat reduced size.
The postcingular series consists of four large paraplates - two of them, 4''' and 5''', very large - and three much smaller ones. Paraplates 1''' and 2''' and paraplate 7''' are all small, separated from the antapex respectively by a large first postcingular (lp) and a much smaller second postcingular (2p). The antapical paraplate (1'''') is of moderate size and tilted slightly toward the ventral surface.
The phragma consists of two layers, separating only at the base of the apical horn. Its surface is densely granulate.
The holotype (Plate 1 figs. 3-4) has suffered some disortion of shape through compression; this has become more marked since it was originally illustrated by Klement, cracks developing to the right centre of the dorsal surface (beneath the lower right corner of the archaeopyle) and at the extreme left of the specimen (extending from the lower left corner of the archaeopyle). The operculum is within the cyst, suggesting that the dinoflagellate did not excyst (see discussion in Sarjeant et al., 1984). The organic mass on the lower right margin of this specimen, cross-hatched in Fig. 2, appears to be adherent debris, though the possibility that it is a kyrton cannot be ruled out.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Translation Courtinat, 1989: LPP
Remark: Courtinant, 1989, p.203
Fisher and Riley (1980) are of the opinion that C. granulatum, C. granuligerum and Rhynchodiniopsis angulosa are different morphologies of the same species. Sarjeant (1984), after study of the holotype and paratypes, maintained a separation of C. granulatum and C. granuligerum. R. angulosa has a differentparatabulation than the former two species. However, these two species, granulatum and granuligerum, have an identical entral and sulcal arrangement. They differ in the ornamentation and the more or less strong development of secondary septa parallel to the principal sutures. In the Jura, their occurrences are different; this suggests that these two species belong to the same offspring.
Poulsen 1996, p. 75
Cribroperidinium granuligerum (Klement 1960) Stover & Evitt 1978
Gonyaulax granuligera Klement, 1960, p. 41-42, pl. 5, figs. 4-5.
Gonyaulacysta granuligera (Klement, 1960), Sarjeant, 1969, in Davey et al., p. 10.
Cribroperidinium granuligerum (Klement, 1960), Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 150.
Rhyncodiniopsis granuligera (Klement, 1960), Sarjeant, 1982, p. 35.
Cryptarchaeodinium granuligerum (Klement, 1960), Sarjeant, 1984, p. 156-158, pl.1, figs. 3-4, text-fig.1
Cribroperidinium granuligerum (Klement, 1960), Stover and Evitt, 1978; Lentin and Williams, 1985, p.81.
Acanthaulax granuligera (Klement, 1960), Brenner, 1988; p. 35-36, pl. 2, figs. 1-3.
Remarks. Riley (1980), Lentin and Williams (1981) and Helenes (1984) regarded Cribroperidinium granuligerum as a taxonomic junior synonym of C. granulatum. Brenner (1988, p. 34-36) treated C. granuligerum as a separate species. This is followed here. For the differentiation of C. granuligerum and C. granulatum see remarks under the latter species.
Recorded occurrence. Denmark: Kimmeridgian.
Cribroperidinium granuligerum (Klement, 1960, p.41–42, pl.5, figs.4–5) Stover and Evitt, 1978, p.150. Emendation: Sarjeant, 1984a, p.156, as Cryptarchaeodinium granuligerum. Holotype: Klement, 1960, pl.5, figs.4–5; Sarjeant, 1984a, pl.1, figs.3– 4; text-fig.1; Jan du Chêne et al., 1986a, pl.27, figs.11–14. Originally Gonyaulax (Appendix B), subsequently Gonyaulacysta, thirdly (and now) Cribroperidinium, fourthly Rhynchodiniopsis, fifthly Cryptarchaeodinium, sixthly Acanthaulax. Poulsen (1996, p.75) retained this species in Cribroperidinium. Taxonomic senior synonym: Gonyaulax (as Cribroperidinium) granulata, according to Fisher and Riley (1980, p.321) — however, Sarjeant (1984a, p.156–158) retained Gonyaulax (as Cryptarchaeodinium) granuligera. Age: middle Oxfordian–early Kimmeridgian.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Original description as Gonyaulax granuligera: [Klement 1960, p. 41-42] (Translation: GSC):
Diagnosis:
A species of the genus Gonyaulax with the following tabulation scheme: 4'',6'',6''',1p, 1ppl, 1''''. Elongated polyhedral theca, apically developing into a thick long horn (without a constricted area being present in the transition area from theca to horn). Plates and sutures ranging from being granulated to being tuberculated. Plates frequently display parallel, granulated suture "duplications". Helicoidal girdle furrow, displaced distally about 1.5 to 2 times its won width. Longitudinal furrow extending from the 1st. apical plate to the antapex, divergently widening on the hypotheca, with intercalary lower plate.
Description:
This species, which occurs much more seldom than Gonyaulax granulata KLEMENT, differs from G. granulata by virtue of the elongated-polyhedral shape of the theca which displays a thick apical horn.
The tabulation, as well as the location and structure of the sutures and the type of ornamentation on the plates correspond in all details to those described in the case of the G.granulata n.sp. (In analogous manner, characteristic parallel suture "duplications' are present here as well).
In this species, the theca displays a slightly polygonal, elongated contour with a conically terminating epitheca which, without any construction, turns into the apical horn, namely via the four upwardly drawn apical plates. This horn appears to be relatively long and thick and was found to be hollow in its lower third portion and connected with the internal area of the cell, whereas the remaining 2/3 portion is solid. The distal extremity appears to bear a three-fold denticulation; in the case of the holotype, an additional lateral spine arises from a point located about 2/3 up on the horn.
Centrally, the plates of the theca show a shallow indentation and, toward the sutures, they are curved upwardly in an arch-like manner. This can be seen particularly well when viewing the curved upper edge of the pylome (taking the place of plate 3''), in the center of which the suture between plate 2' and plate 3' terminates, as well as when viewing the lateral boundaries of said pylome.
The helicoidal girdle furrow does not appear to be very indented; distally, its is displaced 1.5 to slightly more than 2 times its own width.
The longitudinal furrow is noticeable indented and, on the hypotheca, shows a particularly pronounced divergent widening. An intercalary lower plate could be ascertained unequivocally.
The membrane displays light yellow to brownish colorations and is finely granulated. We could not find any reticulated specimens.
Relationships:
The closest related species is G.granulata KLEMENT, see there for detailed differential-diagnosis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Emended diagnosis: Sarjeant, 1984, p.157
Cyst proximate, monocornucavate. Ambitus ovoidal to rounded-subpolygonal. Apical horn of moderate length; stout, broad-based and tapering slightly to a blunt tip. Hypotract slightly larger than epitract; epitract hemiovoidal, hypotract having the outline of a truncated cone with slightly convex flanks. Parasutures marked by low ridges intermittently giving rise to short spinules, simple or bifid. Paratabulation 2pr, 4', 1-?2a, 6", 6c, 7''', 2p, 1pv, 1'''', 6s. Cingulum narrow, strongly laevorotatory, its two ends differing in anteroposterior position by over four times its width. Sulcus broad and only shallowly indented, occupied by a large anterior sulcal paraplate, three tiny median sulcals (the central one associated with flagellar marks) and two posterior sulcals. A characteristic feature is the arrangement of five paraplates of the posterior ventral surface (in order 7''', 2p, 1pv, 1p, 2'''), which form a broad U shape about the posterior end of the sulcus. Paraplate 4" is large and quadrate, having a broad junction with 6"; the boundary between these paraplates joins the lefthand boundary of 1" just anterior to the junction of the latter paraplate with the sulcus. Archaeopyle single-plate precingular, Type P (3''' only); operculum free.
Dimensions: Holotype: overall length 84 µm, length of apical horn 14.5 µm. Range of dimensions; overall length 72-84 µm, overall breadth 58-69 µm.
Description: Sarjeant, 1984, p.157-158
The blunt tip of the apical horn is occupied by the first preapical paraplate (1pr), while the second, equally well marked and quadrate in shape, occupies the right flank of the horn tip. Paraplate 1" has a fairly broad boundary with the cingulum. At least one small anterior intercalary paraplate is present on the dorsal surface and perhaps two, but their number and exact shape could not be confirmed. Paraplate 4" is large and 6", in consequence, of somewhat reduced size.
The postcingular series consists of four large paraplates - two of them, 4''' and 5''', very large - and three much smaller ones. Paraplates 1''' and 2''' and paraplate 7''' are all small, separated from the antapex respectively by a large first postcingular (lp) and a much smaller second postcingular (2p). The antapical paraplate (1'''') is of moderate size and tilted slightly toward the ventral surface.
The phragma consists of two layers, separating only at the base of the apical horn. Its surface is densely granulate.
The holotype (Plate 1 figs. 3-4) has suffered some disortion of shape through compression; this has become more marked since it was originally illustrated by Klement, cracks developing to the right centre of the dorsal surface (beneath the lower right corner of the archaeopyle) and at the extreme left of the specimen (extending from the lower left corner of the archaeopyle). The operculum is within the cyst, suggesting that the dinoflagellate did not excyst (see discussion in Sarjeant et al., 1984). The organic mass on the lower right margin of this specimen, cross-hatched in Fig. 2, appears to be adherent debris, though the possibility that it is a kyrton cannot be ruled out.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Translation Courtinat, 1989: LPP
Remark: Courtinant, 1989, p.203
Fisher and Riley (1980) are of the opinion that C. granulatum, C. granuligerum and Rhynchodiniopsis angulosa are different morphologies of the same species. Sarjeant (1984), after study of the holotype and paratypes, maintained a separation of C. granulatum and C. granuligerum. R. angulosa has a differentparatabulation than the former two species. However, these two species, granulatum and granuligerum, have an identical entral and sulcal arrangement. They differ in the ornamentation and the more or less strong development of secondary septa parallel to the principal sutures. In the Jura, their occurrences are different; this suggests that these two species belong to the same offspring.
Poulsen 1996, p. 75
Cribroperidinium granuligerum (Klement 1960) Stover & Evitt 1978
Gonyaulax granuligera Klement, 1960, p. 41-42, pl. 5, figs. 4-5.
Gonyaulacysta granuligera (Klement, 1960), Sarjeant, 1969, in Davey et al., p. 10.
Cribroperidinium granuligerum (Klement, 1960), Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 150.
Rhyncodiniopsis granuligera (Klement, 1960), Sarjeant, 1982, p. 35.
Cryptarchaeodinium granuligerum (Klement, 1960), Sarjeant, 1984, p. 156-158, pl.1, figs. 3-4, text-fig.1
Cribroperidinium granuligerum (Klement, 1960), Stover and Evitt, 1978; Lentin and Williams, 1985, p.81.
Acanthaulax granuligera (Klement, 1960), Brenner, 1988; p. 35-36, pl. 2, figs. 1-3.
Remarks. Riley (1980), Lentin and Williams (1981) and Helenes (1984) regarded Cribroperidinium granuligerum as a taxonomic junior synonym of C. granulatum. Brenner (1988, p. 34-36) treated C. granuligerum as a separate species. This is followed here. For the differentiation of C. granuligerum and C. granulatum see remarks under the latter species.
Recorded occurrence. Denmark: Kimmeridgian.