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Cryptarchaeodinium granuligerum
Cryptarchaeodinium granuligerum (Klement, 1960) emend. Sarjeant, 1984
Now Acanthaulax. Originally Gonyaulax, subsequently Gonyaulacysta, thirdly Crioroperidinium, fourthly Rhynchodiniopsis, fifthly Cryptarchaeodinium, sixthly (and now) Acanthaulax.
Tax. jr. synonym of Gonyaulax (as Gonyaulacysta) granulata Klement, 1960, according to Fisher and Riley, 1980. Sarjeant, 1984, retained Cryptarchaeodinium granuligerum as a separate species.
Lentin and Williams, 1985, retained this species in Cribroperidinium Neale and Sarjeant, 1962.
Age: Middle OxfordianEarly Kimmeridgian
Holotype: Klement, 1960, pl.5, figs.4-5; Sarjeant, 1984, pl.1, figs.3-4, text-fig.1; Jan du Chêne et al., 1986, pl.27, figs.11-14
Paratypes: Klement, 1960
Locus typicus: Scherstetten 1 Borehole, SW Germany
Stratum typicum: Eulepidus Zone, Kimmeridgian, Malm Lower Delta
Translation Klement, 1960: LPP
Original diagnosis: Klement, 1960, p.41: Gonyaulax granuligera
A species of the genus Gonyaulax with following tabulation: 4", 6"", 6""", 1p, 1ppl, 1"""". Elongated polyedrical theca ending in a prominent, long, apical horn. Plates and sutures granulate to tuberculate. Plates often with parallel, granulate suture duplications. Spiral girdle furrow, displaced in c.1¢ to 2 of its width. Longitudinal furrow from 1. apical plate to antapex, widened on hypotheca with additional lower plate.
Original description: Klement, 1960, p.41-42: Gonyaulax granuligera
This rare species differs from G. granulata in the elongated polyedrical habitus with prominent apical horn. Tabulation, suture pattern and ornamentation of plates are similar to G. granulata.
Theca of slightly polygonal, elongated outline with conical epitheca, ending in the apical horn. Apical horn relatively long, hollow in the lower third, solid in the upper part. Distal end trifurcate, on holotype with one additional thorn on half its length.
Emended diagnosis: Sarjeant, 1984, p.157
Cyst proximate, monocornucavate. Ambitus ovoidal to rounded-subpolygonal. Apical horn of moderate length; stout, broad-based and tapering slightly to a blunt tip. Hypotract slightly larger than epitract; epitract hemiovoidal, hypotract having the outline of a truncated cone with slightly convex flanks. Parasutures marked by low ridges intermittently giving rise to short spinules, simple or bifid. Paratabulation 2pr, 4", 1-?2a, 6", 6c, 7""", 2p, 1pv, 1"""", 6s. Cingulum narrow, strongly laevorotatory, its two ends differing in anteroposterior position by over four times its width. Sulcus broad and only shallowly indented, occupied by a large anterior sulcal paraplate, three tiny median sulcals (the central one associated with flagellar marks) and two posterior sulcals. A characteristic feature is the arrangement of five paraplates of the posterior ventral surface (in order 7""", 2p, 1pv, 1p, 2"""), which form a broad U shape about the posterior end of the sulcus. Paraplate 4" is large and quadrate, having a broad junction with 6"; the boundary between these paraplates joins the lefthand boundary of 1" just anterior to the junction of the latter paraplate with the sulcus. Archaeopyle single-plate precingular, Type P (3""" only); operculum free.
Dimensions: Holotype: overall length 84 Ám, length of apical horn 14.5 Ám. Range of dimensions; overall length 72-84 Ám, overall breadth 58-69 Ám.
Description: Sarjeant, 1984, p.157-158
The blunt tip of the apical horn is occupied by the first preapical paraplate (1pr), while the second, equally well marked and quadrate in shape, occupies the right flank of the horn tip. Paraplate 1" has a fairly broad boundary with the cingulum. At least one small anterior intercalary paraplate is present on the dorsal surface and perhaps two, but their number and exact shape could not be confirmed. Paraplate 4" is large and 6", in consequence, of somewhat reduced size.
The postcingular series consists of four large paraplates - two of them, 4""" and 5""", very large - and three much smaller ones. Paraplates 1""" and 2""" and paraplate 7""" are all small, separated from the antapex respectively by a large first postcingular (lp) and a much smaller second postcingular (2p). The antapical paraplate (1"""") is of moderate size and tilted slightly toward the ventral surface.
The phragma consists of two layers, separating only at the base of the apical horn. Its surface is densely granulate.
The holotype (Plate 1 figs. 3-4) has suffered some disortion of shape through compression; this has become more marked since it was originally illustrated by Klement, cracks developing to the right centre of the dorsal surface (beneath the lower right corner of the archaeopyle) and at the extreme left of the specimen (extending from the lower left corner of the archaeopyle). The operculum is within the cyst, suggesting that the dinoflagellate did not excyst (see discussion in Sarjeant et al., 1984). The organic mass on the lower right margin of this specimen, cross-hatched in Fig. 2, appears to be adherent debris, though the possibility that it is a kyrton cannot be ruled out.
Now Acanthaulax. Originally Gonyaulax, subsequently Gonyaulacysta, thirdly Crioroperidinium, fourthly Rhynchodiniopsis, fifthly Cryptarchaeodinium, sixthly (and now) Acanthaulax.
Tax. jr. synonym of Gonyaulax (as Gonyaulacysta) granulata Klement, 1960, according to Fisher and Riley, 1980. Sarjeant, 1984, retained Cryptarchaeodinium granuligerum as a separate species.
Lentin and Williams, 1985, retained this species in Cribroperidinium Neale and Sarjeant, 1962.
Age: Middle OxfordianEarly Kimmeridgian
Holotype: Klement, 1960, pl.5, figs.4-5; Sarjeant, 1984, pl.1, figs.3-4, text-fig.1; Jan du Chêne et al., 1986, pl.27, figs.11-14
Paratypes: Klement, 1960
Locus typicus: Scherstetten 1 Borehole, SW Germany
Stratum typicum: Eulepidus Zone, Kimmeridgian, Malm Lower Delta
Translation Klement, 1960: LPP
Original diagnosis: Klement, 1960, p.41: Gonyaulax granuligera
A species of the genus Gonyaulax with following tabulation: 4", 6"", 6""", 1p, 1ppl, 1"""". Elongated polyedrical theca ending in a prominent, long, apical horn. Plates and sutures granulate to tuberculate. Plates often with parallel, granulate suture duplications. Spiral girdle furrow, displaced in c.1¢ to 2 of its width. Longitudinal furrow from 1. apical plate to antapex, widened on hypotheca with additional lower plate.
Original description: Klement, 1960, p.41-42: Gonyaulax granuligera
This rare species differs from G. granulata in the elongated polyedrical habitus with prominent apical horn. Tabulation, suture pattern and ornamentation of plates are similar to G. granulata.
Theca of slightly polygonal, elongated outline with conical epitheca, ending in the apical horn. Apical horn relatively long, hollow in the lower third, solid in the upper part. Distal end trifurcate, on holotype with one additional thorn on half its length.
Emended diagnosis: Sarjeant, 1984, p.157
Cyst proximate, monocornucavate. Ambitus ovoidal to rounded-subpolygonal. Apical horn of moderate length; stout, broad-based and tapering slightly to a blunt tip. Hypotract slightly larger than epitract; epitract hemiovoidal, hypotract having the outline of a truncated cone with slightly convex flanks. Parasutures marked by low ridges intermittently giving rise to short spinules, simple or bifid. Paratabulation 2pr, 4", 1-?2a, 6", 6c, 7""", 2p, 1pv, 1"""", 6s. Cingulum narrow, strongly laevorotatory, its two ends differing in anteroposterior position by over four times its width. Sulcus broad and only shallowly indented, occupied by a large anterior sulcal paraplate, three tiny median sulcals (the central one associated with flagellar marks) and two posterior sulcals. A characteristic feature is the arrangement of five paraplates of the posterior ventral surface (in order 7""", 2p, 1pv, 1p, 2"""), which form a broad U shape about the posterior end of the sulcus. Paraplate 4" is large and quadrate, having a broad junction with 6"; the boundary between these paraplates joins the lefthand boundary of 1" just anterior to the junction of the latter paraplate with the sulcus. Archaeopyle single-plate precingular, Type P (3""" only); operculum free.
Dimensions: Holotype: overall length 84 Ám, length of apical horn 14.5 Ám. Range of dimensions; overall length 72-84 Ám, overall breadth 58-69 Ám.
Description: Sarjeant, 1984, p.157-158
The blunt tip of the apical horn is occupied by the first preapical paraplate (1pr), while the second, equally well marked and quadrate in shape, occupies the right flank of the horn tip. Paraplate 1" has a fairly broad boundary with the cingulum. At least one small anterior intercalary paraplate is present on the dorsal surface and perhaps two, but their number and exact shape could not be confirmed. Paraplate 4" is large and 6", in consequence, of somewhat reduced size.
The postcingular series consists of four large paraplates - two of them, 4""" and 5""", very large - and three much smaller ones. Paraplates 1""" and 2""" and paraplate 7""" are all small, separated from the antapex respectively by a large first postcingular (lp) and a much smaller second postcingular (2p). The antapical paraplate (1"""") is of moderate size and tilted slightly toward the ventral surface.
The phragma consists of two layers, separating only at the base of the apical horn. Its surface is densely granulate.
The holotype (Plate 1 figs. 3-4) has suffered some disortion of shape through compression; this has become more marked since it was originally illustrated by Klement, cracks developing to the right centre of the dorsal surface (beneath the lower right corner of the archaeopyle) and at the extreme left of the specimen (extending from the lower left corner of the archaeopyle). The operculum is within the cyst, suggesting that the dinoflagellate did not excyst (see discussion in Sarjeant et al., 1984). The organic mass on the lower right margin of this specimen, cross-hatched in Fig. 2, appears to be adherent debris, though the possibility that it is a kyrton cannot be ruled out.