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Pareodinia sp. i of davey 1982b
Pareodinia sp. I of Davey 1982b
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Genus: Pareodinia Deflandre, 1947; emend. Gocht, 1970; emend. Johnson and Hills, 1973; emend. Wiggins, 1975; emend. Stover and Evitt, 1978; emend. Below, 1990
tax. sr. synonym of Paranetrelytron Sarjeant, 1966, according to Wiggins, 1975, and Stover and Evitt, 1978.
tax. sr. synonym of Caddasphaera Fenton et al., 1980, according to Prauss, 1989.
tax. sr. synonym of Netrelytron Sarjeant, 1961, according to Below, 1990.
tax. sr. synonym of Glomodinium Dodekova, 1975, according to Stover and Evitt, 1978. Dörhöfer and Davies, 1980, and Davies, 1983, retained Glomodinium as a separate genus.
tax. sr. synonym of Imbatodinium Vozzhennikova, 1967, according to Wiggins, 1975, and Below, 1990. Dörhöfer and Davies, 1980, Harker and Sarjeant, 1991, and Lentin and Williams, 1993 retained Imbatodinium as a separate genus.
tax. sr. synonym of Pluriarvalium Sarjeant, 1962, according to Wiggins, 1975, and D÷rh÷fer and Davies, 1980. Stover and Evitt, 1978, and Lentin and Williams, 1989, retained Pluriarvalium as a separate genus.
tax. sr. synonym of Kalyptea Cookson and Eisenack, 1960, according to Gocht, 1970, and Below, 1990. Lentin and Williams, 1989, 1993, retained Kalyptea as a separate genus.
tax. sr. synonym of Broomea Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, according to Wiggins, 1975. Lentin and Williams, 1976, retained Broomea as a separate genus.
Type species: Pareodinia ceratophora Deflandre, 1947; emend. Gocht, 1970; emend. Below, 1990
Translation Deflandre, 1947: Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 116
Translation Gocht, 1970: LPP
Translation Below, 1990: LPP
Original description: Deflandre 1947, p. 4
Diagnosis: Microfossil with an apparently cellulosic membrane, deprived of any trace of furrows and tabulation, general form ellipsoidal or oval, drawn out at one of the poles into a strong horn; transverse section circular.
Emended diagnosis: Gocht, 1970, p. 153-154
Body more or less elongate, apically pointed, antapically mostly rounded. Membrane smooth or provided with protruberances or short processes. Girdle and dorsal plates sometimes indicated. Archaeopyle formation by loss of 2 intercalary plates.
Well preserved specimens often posses a mantle of fluffy organic material.
Emended diagnosis: Johnson and Hills, 1973, p. 208
Cyst subcircular to ellipsoidal in outline, tapering to an apical horn, antapex rounded or tapering to an antapical horn; tabulation usually evidenced only by the archaeopyle which forms by loss of 2 or 3 intercalary plates. A shroud of organic matter may be present (Kalyptra; Gocht, 1970). Cingulum occasionally evident on the dorsal side. Cyst wall may be smooth, granular and/or bearing a cover of spines.
Emended diagnosis: Wiggins, 1975, p. 103
Proximate fossil cysts, ambitus spheroidal, or rhomboidal, with an apical horn and the antapex broadly rounded. Cyst wall single layered. Epitract and hypotract approximately equal. Reflected tabulation variably indicated or absent, and may include all or any portion of the series formula 7a.cl., 6", 6a, 6"", 7""", 3"""", plus an uncertain number of sulcal platelets and posterior intercalary plates. Sutures indicated by a variety of cyst wall extensions, grooves, or rupture lines. Archaeopyle intercalary, and includes Types I, 2I and 3I. Enclosing kalyptra and apicular structures present or absent. Cyst wall ornamentation variable.
Emended description: Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 116
Synopsis: Cysts proximate to proximochorate, ellipsoidal, with an apical horn only; paratabulation expressed incompletely by archaeopyle only, or by faint discontinuous parasutural features; autophragm smooth or variously ornamented; archaeopyle intercalary, Type 2I or 3I; archaeopyle index >0.5.
Modified description: Shape: Ellipsoidal with a short to long apical horn.
Wall relationships: Autophragm only.
Wall features: Parasutural features incomplete; they include linear alignment of discontinuous ornamentation features, faint low ridges, and rupture lines. Autophragm smooth, finely ornamented, or spinose.
Paratabulation: Expressed incompletely by archaeopyle only, or by archaeopyle and paracingulum, occasionally also by faint discontinuous parasutural features.
Archaeopyle: Intercalary, either type 2I or 3I; archaeopyle index >0.5; operculum free, opercular pieces normally separated.
Paracingulum: Not indicated, or expressed by vague alignment of ornamentation or faint parasutural features.
ParasulcusL Generally not indicated.
Size: Small to large.
Emended diagnosis: Below, 1990, p. 64-65
Vesicle-/plate-arrangement of dinoflagellate amphiesma cop, pop, cap, 3", 2a, 6"", 7c, 6""", 2"""", as, FM, ls, rs, ps; 1" exsert, quadragonal 1a and hexagonal 2a; growth of thecal plates ?gonyaulacoidal.
Zygote-cyst habit proximate, acavate, cornuvacuolar, cornucavate, cavate, elongate to squat tear-shaped, ovoidal, ovaloidal, ellipsoidal, spheroidal, cylindrical, bottle-shaped, apical horn of varying length, antapex flattened, rounded, lightly indented, with two antapical bulges or 1-2 antapical horns; wall consisting of thin pedium and firm luxuria, with or without surrounding, amorphous kalyptra; surface smooth, nonareate, thecal sutures reflected only by archaeopyle sutures or with intraareate, peniareate or finate ornament; areation scheme NR PR/XPR/cop, pop, cap, NR"/3", 1a(arch)-2a(arch)/2a, NR""/6"", NRc/Xc/7c, NR"""/6""", NR""""/2"""", NRs/Xs/as, FM, ls, rs, ps; IV-1a and VI-2a, 3"" anteriorly geniculate, 4"" anteriorly linear, finis 3""/4"" dorsal; archaeopyle anterior intercalary, 1a+2a; operculum solvate, opercular plates secate, general opercular formula 1a(s)+2a(s).
Affinities:
Stover and Evitt 1978, p. 116-117: Pareodinia differs from Kalyptea in lacking an antapical horn and in having either a Type 2I or 3I archeopyle rather than a Type I. Pluriarvalium and Paragonyaulacysta differ from Pareodinia in possessing indications of paratabulation other than the archeopyle alone.
Below, 1990, p. 65: The genus Pareodinia includes cavate and acavate species with or without polar protruberances and with bitabular anterior intercalary archaeopyle. IV-1a(s)+VI-2a(S). Gochteodinia Norris, 1978; emend. Below, 1990 also has a bitabular, anterior intercalary archaeopyle, but with a different form of the plates involved, viz. V-1a(s)+V-2a(s). Netrelytron, Paranetrelytron and Imbatodinium are considered synonyms (see also discussion under Necrobroomea).
Fusiformacysta Morgan, 1975, and Komewuia Cookson and Eisenack, 1960; emend. Chen, 1982, which are similar to pareodinia in habit, excyst through a precingular archaeopyle and posses a gonyaulacoidal vesicle-/plate- arrangement.
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Genus: Pareodinia Deflandre, 1947; emend. Gocht, 1970; emend. Johnson and Hills, 1973; emend. Wiggins, 1975; emend. Stover and Evitt, 1978; emend. Below, 1990
tax. sr. synonym of Paranetrelytron Sarjeant, 1966, according to Wiggins, 1975, and Stover and Evitt, 1978.
tax. sr. synonym of Caddasphaera Fenton et al., 1980, according to Prauss, 1989.
tax. sr. synonym of Netrelytron Sarjeant, 1961, according to Below, 1990.
tax. sr. synonym of Glomodinium Dodekova, 1975, according to Stover and Evitt, 1978. Dörhöfer and Davies, 1980, and Davies, 1983, retained Glomodinium as a separate genus.
tax. sr. synonym of Imbatodinium Vozzhennikova, 1967, according to Wiggins, 1975, and Below, 1990. Dörhöfer and Davies, 1980, Harker and Sarjeant, 1991, and Lentin and Williams, 1993 retained Imbatodinium as a separate genus.
tax. sr. synonym of Pluriarvalium Sarjeant, 1962, according to Wiggins, 1975, and D÷rh÷fer and Davies, 1980. Stover and Evitt, 1978, and Lentin and Williams, 1989, retained Pluriarvalium as a separate genus.
tax. sr. synonym of Kalyptea Cookson and Eisenack, 1960, according to Gocht, 1970, and Below, 1990. Lentin and Williams, 1989, 1993, retained Kalyptea as a separate genus.
tax. sr. synonym of Broomea Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, according to Wiggins, 1975. Lentin and Williams, 1976, retained Broomea as a separate genus.
Type species: Pareodinia ceratophora Deflandre, 1947; emend. Gocht, 1970; emend. Below, 1990
Translation Deflandre, 1947: Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 116
Translation Gocht, 1970: LPP
Translation Below, 1990: LPP
Original description: Deflandre 1947, p. 4
Diagnosis: Microfossil with an apparently cellulosic membrane, deprived of any trace of furrows and tabulation, general form ellipsoidal or oval, drawn out at one of the poles into a strong horn; transverse section circular.
Emended diagnosis: Gocht, 1970, p. 153-154
Body more or less elongate, apically pointed, antapically mostly rounded. Membrane smooth or provided with protruberances or short processes. Girdle and dorsal plates sometimes indicated. Archaeopyle formation by loss of 2 intercalary plates.
Well preserved specimens often posses a mantle of fluffy organic material.
Emended diagnosis: Johnson and Hills, 1973, p. 208
Cyst subcircular to ellipsoidal in outline, tapering to an apical horn, antapex rounded or tapering to an antapical horn; tabulation usually evidenced only by the archaeopyle which forms by loss of 2 or 3 intercalary plates. A shroud of organic matter may be present (Kalyptra; Gocht, 1970). Cingulum occasionally evident on the dorsal side. Cyst wall may be smooth, granular and/or bearing a cover of spines.
Emended diagnosis: Wiggins, 1975, p. 103
Proximate fossil cysts, ambitus spheroidal, or rhomboidal, with an apical horn and the antapex broadly rounded. Cyst wall single layered. Epitract and hypotract approximately equal. Reflected tabulation variably indicated or absent, and may include all or any portion of the series formula 7a.cl., 6", 6a, 6"", 7""", 3"""", plus an uncertain number of sulcal platelets and posterior intercalary plates. Sutures indicated by a variety of cyst wall extensions, grooves, or rupture lines. Archaeopyle intercalary, and includes Types I, 2I and 3I. Enclosing kalyptra and apicular structures present or absent. Cyst wall ornamentation variable.
Emended description: Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 116
Synopsis: Cysts proximate to proximochorate, ellipsoidal, with an apical horn only; paratabulation expressed incompletely by archaeopyle only, or by faint discontinuous parasutural features; autophragm smooth or variously ornamented; archaeopyle intercalary, Type 2I or 3I; archaeopyle index >0.5.
Modified description: Shape: Ellipsoidal with a short to long apical horn.
Wall relationships: Autophragm only.
Wall features: Parasutural features incomplete; they include linear alignment of discontinuous ornamentation features, faint low ridges, and rupture lines. Autophragm smooth, finely ornamented, or spinose.
Paratabulation: Expressed incompletely by archaeopyle only, or by archaeopyle and paracingulum, occasionally also by faint discontinuous parasutural features.
Archaeopyle: Intercalary, either type 2I or 3I; archaeopyle index >0.5; operculum free, opercular pieces normally separated.
Paracingulum: Not indicated, or expressed by vague alignment of ornamentation or faint parasutural features.
ParasulcusL Generally not indicated.
Size: Small to large.
Emended diagnosis: Below, 1990, p. 64-65
Vesicle-/plate-arrangement of dinoflagellate amphiesma cop, pop, cap, 3", 2a, 6"", 7c, 6""", 2"""", as, FM, ls, rs, ps; 1" exsert, quadragonal 1a and hexagonal 2a; growth of thecal plates ?gonyaulacoidal.
Zygote-cyst habit proximate, acavate, cornuvacuolar, cornucavate, cavate, elongate to squat tear-shaped, ovoidal, ovaloidal, ellipsoidal, spheroidal, cylindrical, bottle-shaped, apical horn of varying length, antapex flattened, rounded, lightly indented, with two antapical bulges or 1-2 antapical horns; wall consisting of thin pedium and firm luxuria, with or without surrounding, amorphous kalyptra; surface smooth, nonareate, thecal sutures reflected only by archaeopyle sutures or with intraareate, peniareate or finate ornament; areation scheme NR PR/XPR/cop, pop, cap, NR"/3", 1a(arch)-2a(arch)/2a, NR""/6"", NRc/Xc/7c, NR"""/6""", NR""""/2"""", NRs/Xs/as, FM, ls, rs, ps; IV-1a and VI-2a, 3"" anteriorly geniculate, 4"" anteriorly linear, finis 3""/4"" dorsal; archaeopyle anterior intercalary, 1a+2a; operculum solvate, opercular plates secate, general opercular formula 1a(s)+2a(s).
Affinities:
Stover and Evitt 1978, p. 116-117: Pareodinia differs from Kalyptea in lacking an antapical horn and in having either a Type 2I or 3I archeopyle rather than a Type I. Pluriarvalium and Paragonyaulacysta differ from Pareodinia in possessing indications of paratabulation other than the archeopyle alone.
Below, 1990, p. 65: The genus Pareodinia includes cavate and acavate species with or without polar protruberances and with bitabular anterior intercalary archaeopyle. IV-1a(s)+VI-2a(S). Gochteodinia Norris, 1978; emend. Below, 1990 also has a bitabular, anterior intercalary archaeopyle, but with a different form of the plates involved, viz. V-1a(s)+V-2a(s). Netrelytron, Paranetrelytron and Imbatodinium are considered synonyms (see also discussion under Necrobroomea).
Fusiformacysta Morgan, 1975, and Komewuia Cookson and Eisenack, 1960; emend. Chen, 1982, which are similar to pareodinia in habit, excyst through a precingular archaeopyle and posses a gonyaulacoidal vesicle-/plate- arrangement.