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Brigantedinium simplex
Brigantedinium simplex Wall, 1965b, p.308; text-figs.7,20 ex Lentin and Williams, 1993, p.67. Holotype: Wall, 1965b, textfigs.
7,20; Eisenack and Kjellström, 1972, p.187; Fensome et al., 1995, fig.1 — p.1785.
Originally Chytroeisphaeridia (name not validly published), subsequently (and now) Brigantedinium.
Motile equivalent: Protoperidinium conicoides (Paulsen, 1905) Balech, 1974, according to Harland (1981, p.68).
The species name Chytroeisphaeridia simplicia was not validly published in Wall (1965b, p.308), since that author did not provide a Latin diagnosis, a requirement since this species is based on living material (and for purposes of the Code considered an alga; ICN Article 44.1). For the same reason, the combination Brigantedinium simplex (Wall, 1965b) Reid, 1977, p.435 was also not validly published. Harland and Reid in Harland et al. (1980, p.222–223) provided a Latin diagnosis, but the name Brigantedinium simplex was still not validly published since the generic name Brigantedinium was not validly published at that time. Lentin and Williams (1993, p.67) validly published the generic name Brigantedinium and the species name Brigantedinium simplex by providing a complete citation to both the protologue and a Latin diagnosis. Farr et al. (1986, p.18) considered "B. [Brigantedinium] simplex P.C. Reid" to be an illegitimate name since "... cysts of the type species were referred by the author [implying Reid] to an extant species [Protoperidinium conicoides]." As noted by Fensome et al. (1995, p.1787), this would only be a possible interpretation if Reid were the validating author. Lentin and Williams (1993, p.67), when validating this name,
followed Reid (1977, p.435) in rendering the epithet as "simplex".
Age: extant.
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Original description as Chytroeisphaeridia simplica: [Wall, 1965, p. 308]:
Description:
The test is sphaerical to ovoid, smooth and dark brown. The test may be single-layered and thin-walled, or double-layered and thicker; the outer cell wall layer is then thicker than the inner. A six-sided trapezoidal, (?)intercalary archaeopyle is present sometimes. It is a relatively large, being equal in size to approximately the cell radius. The protoplast contains numerous refractive grana.
Dimensions:
Test 50-54 µm.
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Supplemental description Brigantedinium simplex :
Reid, 1977, p. 435:
Description:
Circular cysts in dorsal view at times appearing compressed in ventroposterior view to give an oval outline. The wall is thin, single or double layered, brown in colour with a hexagonal, subtrapezoidal, mid-dorsal archeopyle. In one specimen, the operculum although partially open remained attached by tendrils to the outer wall. Small specimens usually have a smooth surface whereas larger forms may be rugulate or microgranular. Thickenings of the wall marking sulcal flagellar pore scars and apical and antapical projections were noted on a number of suitably orientated specimens.
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Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Brigantedinium simplex Wall, 1965 ex Lentin and Williams, 1993. This species has a spherical to ovoidal, dark brown, smooth cyst. The wall may be one or two layers.. The archeopyle is iso-deltaform 2a and is large. It is the cyst of Protoperidinium conicoides. Diameter 50-54 µm.
7,20; Eisenack and Kjellström, 1972, p.187; Fensome et al., 1995, fig.1 — p.1785.
Originally Chytroeisphaeridia (name not validly published), subsequently (and now) Brigantedinium.
Motile equivalent: Protoperidinium conicoides (Paulsen, 1905) Balech, 1974, according to Harland (1981, p.68).
The species name Chytroeisphaeridia simplicia was not validly published in Wall (1965b, p.308), since that author did not provide a Latin diagnosis, a requirement since this species is based on living material (and for purposes of the Code considered an alga; ICN Article 44.1). For the same reason, the combination Brigantedinium simplex (Wall, 1965b) Reid, 1977, p.435 was also not validly published. Harland and Reid in Harland et al. (1980, p.222–223) provided a Latin diagnosis, but the name Brigantedinium simplex was still not validly published since the generic name Brigantedinium was not validly published at that time. Lentin and Williams (1993, p.67) validly published the generic name Brigantedinium and the species name Brigantedinium simplex by providing a complete citation to both the protologue and a Latin diagnosis. Farr et al. (1986, p.18) considered "B. [Brigantedinium] simplex P.C. Reid" to be an illegitimate name since "... cysts of the type species were referred by the author [implying Reid] to an extant species [Protoperidinium conicoides]." As noted by Fensome et al. (1995, p.1787), this would only be a possible interpretation if Reid were the validating author. Lentin and Williams (1993, p.67), when validating this name,
followed Reid (1977, p.435) in rendering the epithet as "simplex".
Age: extant.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Original description as Chytroeisphaeridia simplica: [Wall, 1965, p. 308]:
Description:
The test is sphaerical to ovoid, smooth and dark brown. The test may be single-layered and thin-walled, or double-layered and thicker; the outer cell wall layer is then thicker than the inner. A six-sided trapezoidal, (?)intercalary archaeopyle is present sometimes. It is a relatively large, being equal in size to approximately the cell radius. The protoplast contains numerous refractive grana.
Dimensions:
Test 50-54 µm.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Supplemental description Brigantedinium simplex :
Reid, 1977, p. 435:
Description:
Circular cysts in dorsal view at times appearing compressed in ventroposterior view to give an oval outline. The wall is thin, single or double layered, brown in colour with a hexagonal, subtrapezoidal, mid-dorsal archeopyle. In one specimen, the operculum although partially open remained attached by tendrils to the outer wall. Small specimens usually have a smooth surface whereas larger forms may be rugulate or microgranular. Thickenings of the wall marking sulcal flagellar pore scars and apical and antapical projections were noted on a number of suitably orientated specimens.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Brigantedinium simplex Wall, 1965 ex Lentin and Williams, 1993. This species has a spherical to ovoidal, dark brown, smooth cyst. The wall may be one or two layers.. The archeopyle is iso-deltaform 2a and is large. It is the cyst of Protoperidinium conicoides. Diameter 50-54 µm.