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Brigantedinium simplex
Brigantedinium simplex, Wall, 1965 ex Lentin and Williams, 1993
The species name Chytroeisphaeridia simplex was not validly published in Wall, 1965, since that author did not provide a Latin diagnosis, even though he acknowledged it was a living species, thus the combination Brigantedinium simplex (Wall, 1965) Reid, 1977, was not validly published. Harland and Reid in Harland et al., 1980, fulfilled the requirements for a Latin diagnosis; the name Brigantedinium simplex Wall, 1965 ex Harland and Reid in Harland et al., 1980, was also not validly published since the generic name Brigantedinium was not validly published at that time. The citation for this species name should be Brigantedinium simplex Wall, 1965b ex Lentin and Williams, 1993, since Lentin and Williams, 1993, validly published the generic name Brigantedinium (and the species name Brigantedinium simplex) by providing a complete citation to both the protologue and a Latin diagnosis.
Farr et al., 1986, incorrectly stated that this species name was an illegitimate species name and that the author (not Reid, 1977 as given by them but Wall, 1965) referred this species to an extant species.
Originally Chytroeisphaeridia, subsequently (and now) Brigantedinium. Harland, 1981, and Lewis et al., 1984, considered this species to represent the encysted stage of Protoperidinium conicoides (Paulsen, 1905) Balech, 1974.
Holotype: Wall, 1965, text-fig.7,20
Locus typicus: Aquarium, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Stratum typicum: Recent
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Original description as Chytroeisphaeridia simplica: [Wall, 1965, p. 308]:
Description:
The test is sphaerical to ovoid, smooth and dark brown. The test may be single-layered and thin-walled, or double-layered and thicker; the outer cell wall layer is then thicker than the inner. A six-sided trapezoidal, (?)intercalary archaeopyle is present sometimes. It is a relatively large, being equal in size to approximately the cell radius. The protoplast contains numerous refractive grana.
Dimensions:
Test 50-54 µm.
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Supplemental description Brigantedinium simplex :
Reid, 1977, p. 435:
Description:
Circular cysts in dorsal view at times appearing compressed in ventroposterior view to give an oval outline. The wall is thin, single or double layered, brown in colour with a hexagonal, subtrapezoidal, mid-dorsal archeopyle. In one specimen, the operculum although partially open remained attached by tendrils to the outer wall. Small specimens usually have a smooth surface whereas larger forms may be rugulate or microgranular. Thickenings of the wall marking sulcal flagellar pore scars and apical and antapical projections were noted on a number of suitably orientated specimens.
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Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Brigantedinium simplex Wall, 1965 ex Lentin and Williams, 1993. This species has a spherical to ovoidal, dark brown, smooth cyst. The wall may be one or two layers.. The archeopyle is iso-deltaform 2a and is large. It is the cyst of Protoperidinium conicoides. Diameter 50-54 µm.
The species name Chytroeisphaeridia simplex was not validly published in Wall, 1965, since that author did not provide a Latin diagnosis, even though he acknowledged it was a living species, thus the combination Brigantedinium simplex (Wall, 1965) Reid, 1977, was not validly published. Harland and Reid in Harland et al., 1980, fulfilled the requirements for a Latin diagnosis; the name Brigantedinium simplex Wall, 1965 ex Harland and Reid in Harland et al., 1980, was also not validly published since the generic name Brigantedinium was not validly published at that time. The citation for this species name should be Brigantedinium simplex Wall, 1965b ex Lentin and Williams, 1993, since Lentin and Williams, 1993, validly published the generic name Brigantedinium (and the species name Brigantedinium simplex) by providing a complete citation to both the protologue and a Latin diagnosis.
Farr et al., 1986, incorrectly stated that this species name was an illegitimate species name and that the author (not Reid, 1977 as given by them but Wall, 1965) referred this species to an extant species.
Originally Chytroeisphaeridia, subsequently (and now) Brigantedinium. Harland, 1981, and Lewis et al., 1984, considered this species to represent the encysted stage of Protoperidinium conicoides (Paulsen, 1905) Balech, 1974.
Holotype: Wall, 1965, text-fig.7,20
Locus typicus: Aquarium, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Stratum typicum: Recent
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Original description as Chytroeisphaeridia simplica: [Wall, 1965, p. 308]:
Description:
The test is sphaerical to ovoid, smooth and dark brown. The test may be single-layered and thin-walled, or double-layered and thicker; the outer cell wall layer is then thicker than the inner. A six-sided trapezoidal, (?)intercalary archaeopyle is present sometimes. It is a relatively large, being equal in size to approximately the cell radius. The protoplast contains numerous refractive grana.
Dimensions:
Test 50-54 µm.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Supplemental description Brigantedinium simplex :
Reid, 1977, p. 435:
Description:
Circular cysts in dorsal view at times appearing compressed in ventroposterior view to give an oval outline. The wall is thin, single or double layered, brown in colour with a hexagonal, subtrapezoidal, mid-dorsal archeopyle. In one specimen, the operculum although partially open remained attached by tendrils to the outer wall. Small specimens usually have a smooth surface whereas larger forms may be rugulate or microgranular. Thickenings of the wall marking sulcal flagellar pore scars and apical and antapical projections were noted on a number of suitably orientated specimens.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Brigantedinium simplex Wall, 1965 ex Lentin and Williams, 1993. This species has a spherical to ovoidal, dark brown, smooth cyst. The wall may be one or two layers.. The archeopyle is iso-deltaform 2a and is large. It is the cyst of Protoperidinium conicoides. Diameter 50-54 µm.