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Cleistosphaeridium machaerophorum
From Fensome et al., 2019:
Cleistosphaeridium machaerophorum (Deflandre and Cookson, 1955, p.274, pl.9, figs.4,8) Davey et al., 1966, p.170. Holotype: Deflandre and Cookson, 1955, pl.9, fig.4. Combination not validly published: basionym not fully referenced.
NOW Lingulodinium. Originally Hystrichosphaeridium, subsequently Baltisphaeridium (Appendix A), thirdly
Cleistosphaeridium (combination not validly published), fourthly (and now) Lingulodinium. Taxonomic junior
synonyms: Cleistosphaeridium disjunctum, according to Reid (1974, p.591); Cleistosphaeridium mikirii, according
to Jain and Garg (1983, p.61); Hystrichosphaeridium ashdodense, according to Wall (1967, p.109);
Baltisphaeridium (subsequently Lingulodinium) funginum, Lingulodinium brevispinosum and Lingulodinium
sadoense, all according to Kokinos and Anderson (1995, p.162); however, Fensome et al. (2016b, p.55) retained
Baltisphaeridium (as Lingulodinium) funginum; Hystrichosphaeridium redonense, questionably according to
Harland (1977b, p.94) and according to Rochon et al. (1999, p.20). Motile equivalent: Gonyaulax (now
Lingulodinium) polyedra Stein, 1883, according to Wall and Dale (1968c, p.271). Age: Miocene.
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Original description as Hystrichosphaeridium machaerophorum: [Deflandre and Cookson, 1955, p. 274]:
Description:
Shell globular, subsphaerical or ellipsoidal with a rigid membrane, more brittle than deformable, covered with numerous long, stiff, conical, pointed processes resembling the blade of a dagger. Surface of shell granular or punctate.
Dimensions:
Diameter of shell 41-54 µm, length of spines 13-18 µm, overall diameter, 64-74 µm.
Remarks:
The figured type represents an average form as regards the number of processes and their density. Examples with more widely spaced processes are rare; on the contrary specimens with more numerous and more densely arranged spines are relatively frequent. Generally most of the spines are stiff but sometimes they are somewhat flexible and recurved. The apices are very sharply pointed and often twisted in specimens mounted in Canada balsam.
Cleistosphaeridium machaerophorum (Deflandre and Cookson, 1955, p.274, pl.9, figs.4,8) Davey et al., 1966, p.170. Holotype: Deflandre and Cookson, 1955, pl.9, fig.4. Combination not validly published: basionym not fully referenced.
NOW Lingulodinium. Originally Hystrichosphaeridium, subsequently Baltisphaeridium (Appendix A), thirdly
Cleistosphaeridium (combination not validly published), fourthly (and now) Lingulodinium. Taxonomic junior
synonyms: Cleistosphaeridium disjunctum, according to Reid (1974, p.591); Cleistosphaeridium mikirii, according
to Jain and Garg (1983, p.61); Hystrichosphaeridium ashdodense, according to Wall (1967, p.109);
Baltisphaeridium (subsequently Lingulodinium) funginum, Lingulodinium brevispinosum and Lingulodinium
sadoense, all according to Kokinos and Anderson (1995, p.162); however, Fensome et al. (2016b, p.55) retained
Baltisphaeridium (as Lingulodinium) funginum; Hystrichosphaeridium redonense, questionably according to
Harland (1977b, p.94) and according to Rochon et al. (1999, p.20). Motile equivalent: Gonyaulax (now
Lingulodinium) polyedra Stein, 1883, according to Wall and Dale (1968c, p.271). Age: Miocene.
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Original description as Hystrichosphaeridium machaerophorum: [Deflandre and Cookson, 1955, p. 274]:
Description:
Shell globular, subsphaerical or ellipsoidal with a rigid membrane, more brittle than deformable, covered with numerous long, stiff, conical, pointed processes resembling the blade of a dagger. Surface of shell granular or punctate.
Dimensions:
Diameter of shell 41-54 µm, length of spines 13-18 µm, overall diameter, 64-74 µm.
Remarks:
The figured type represents an average form as regards the number of processes and their density. Examples with more widely spaced processes are rare; on the contrary specimens with more numerous and more densely arranged spines are relatively frequent. Generally most of the spines are stiff but sometimes they are somewhat flexible and recurved. The apices are very sharply pointed and often twisted in specimens mounted in Canada balsam.