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Belodinium
From Williams et al., 2017:
[Belodinium, Cookson and Eisenack, 1960b, p. 249; Emendations: Dodekova, 1975, p. 23; Stover and Helby, 1987d, p.275, as a revised description.
Type species: Belodinium dysculum, Cookson and Eisenack, 1960b (pl.37, fig.14)]
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Original description: [Cookson and Eisenack, 1960]:
Description:
Shell elongate, unequally divided by a circular girdle; main body marked into fields by delicate ledges; epitheca with a hollow membranous horn, hypotheca with a flattened membranous expansion.
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Emended description:
Dodekova, 1975:
Diagnosis:
Bicavate dinoflagellate cyst with elongated polygonal appearance of the periblast and ellipsoidal thick-walled endoblast inside. The periphragm forms a well-individualized apical horn, strongly broadened at the base of the apex, where a short, broad pericoel as well as a large antapical pericoel. In the area of the cingulum the periphragm is slightly nearing or touches the endophragm.
Reflected tabulation scheme:?4-6`, 0-2a, 6``, 6c, 6```, 1p, 1pv, 1````. The sutures as thin, short, membranous septa are very fine and hard to notice. The cingulum is slightly helicoidal, located in the anterior half of the cyst. The surface of the periphragm and of the endophragm is smooth or covered by granulees and spines. The sulcus is broad and extends from the middle of the hypotract. The archaeopyle is apical. The schism concerns both periphragm and endophragm.
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Modified description:
Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 22:
Synopsis:
Cysts cavate, elongate ellipsoidal with prominent apical horn and antapical pericoel; paratabulation indicated by parasutural folds or ridges; archeopyle apical, Type tA.
Description:
Shape: Elongate ellipsoidal with prominent apical horn.
Wall relationships: Bicavate to circumcavate.
Wall features: Parasutural features expressed as low ridges or folds of the periphragm; may be indicated also on endophragm by parasutural alignment of large granules or short spines. Periphragm smooth, endophragm smooth or granulate between parasutural features.
Paratabulation: Indicated by parasutural features and archeopyle, formula unknown.
Archeopyle: Apical, Type tA; principal archeopyle suture angular; operculum free.
Paracingulum: Indicated by transverse parasutural ridges or folds, perhaps weakly expressed; paracingulum divides the cyst unequally, with the epicyst being longer than the hypocyst.
Parasulcus: Not indicated.
Size: Intermediate to large.
Affinities:
Belodinium and Carpodinium are similar in that each has an elongate ellipsoidal shape, an apical horn,and parasutural ridges or folds. Belodinium has an apical rather than a precingular archeopyle and an antapical pericoel, which Carpodinium lacks. Belodinium differs from Clathroctenocystis in being cavate, whereas Clathroctenocystis has an autophragm only.
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Revised description:
Stover and Helby, 1987, p. 275
Description:
Shape: Elongate ellipsoidal with a prominent horn and narrowly rounded antapical end.
Wall relationships: Cyst holocavate; ectophragm forming apical horn and antapical protrusion, elsewhere the ectophragm closer to the autophragm and more or less equidistant from it.
Wall features: Ectophragm smooth; epiautophragm with penitabular rows of processes, whereas those on the hyop-autophragm apparently nontabular. Processes also present in the cingular area.
Archaeopyle: Apical Type [tA]; operculum free.
Paratabulation: Indicated on epicyst as 4`, 6``, by penitabular features and by the archaeopyle; paratabulation not determined for the hypocyst.
Paracingulum Indicated by one or more of the following: indentation of the ectophragm (usually seen best along the lateral margins); 1 or 2 transverse folds; transverse row of processes. The paracingulum subdivides the cyst unequally, epicyst longer than hypocyst.
Parasulcus: Not expressed or indicated by vaguely delimited depression on hypocyst.
Size: Intermediate to large.
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Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Belodinium Cookson and Eisenack, 1960b, emend. Stover and Helby, 1987d. According to Stover and Helby (1987d, p.275), is proximate, holocavate, elongate ellipsoidal, with a prominent apical horn and antapical ectocoel. Autocysts have usually slender, solid or hollow, generally simple processes, with a majority of them in contact with the ectophragm. Processes on epicyst in penitabular rows, processes on hypocyst usually nontabular. Archeopyle apical, operculum free, with accessory sutures between precingular paraplates. The epicyst is longer than the hypocyst.
[Belodinium, Cookson and Eisenack, 1960b, p. 249; Emendations: Dodekova, 1975, p. 23; Stover and Helby, 1987d, p.275, as a revised description.
Type species: Belodinium dysculum, Cookson and Eisenack, 1960b (pl.37, fig.14)]
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Original description: [Cookson and Eisenack, 1960]:
Description:
Shell elongate, unequally divided by a circular girdle; main body marked into fields by delicate ledges; epitheca with a hollow membranous horn, hypotheca with a flattened membranous expansion.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Emended description:
Dodekova, 1975:
Diagnosis:
Bicavate dinoflagellate cyst with elongated polygonal appearance of the periblast and ellipsoidal thick-walled endoblast inside. The periphragm forms a well-individualized apical horn, strongly broadened at the base of the apex, where a short, broad pericoel as well as a large antapical pericoel. In the area of the cingulum the periphragm is slightly nearing or touches the endophragm.
Reflected tabulation scheme:?4-6`, 0-2a, 6``, 6c, 6```, 1p, 1pv, 1````. The sutures as thin, short, membranous septa are very fine and hard to notice. The cingulum is slightly helicoidal, located in the anterior half of the cyst. The surface of the periphragm and of the endophragm is smooth or covered by granulees and spines. The sulcus is broad and extends from the middle of the hypotract. The archaeopyle is apical. The schism concerns both periphragm and endophragm.
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Modified description:
Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 22:
Synopsis:
Cysts cavate, elongate ellipsoidal with prominent apical horn and antapical pericoel; paratabulation indicated by parasutural folds or ridges; archeopyle apical, Type tA.
Description:
Shape: Elongate ellipsoidal with prominent apical horn.
Wall relationships: Bicavate to circumcavate.
Wall features: Parasutural features expressed as low ridges or folds of the periphragm; may be indicated also on endophragm by parasutural alignment of large granules or short spines. Periphragm smooth, endophragm smooth or granulate between parasutural features.
Paratabulation: Indicated by parasutural features and archeopyle, formula unknown.
Archeopyle: Apical, Type tA; principal archeopyle suture angular; operculum free.
Paracingulum: Indicated by transverse parasutural ridges or folds, perhaps weakly expressed; paracingulum divides the cyst unequally, with the epicyst being longer than the hypocyst.
Parasulcus: Not indicated.
Size: Intermediate to large.
Affinities:
Belodinium and Carpodinium are similar in that each has an elongate ellipsoidal shape, an apical horn,and parasutural ridges or folds. Belodinium has an apical rather than a precingular archeopyle and an antapical pericoel, which Carpodinium lacks. Belodinium differs from Clathroctenocystis in being cavate, whereas Clathroctenocystis has an autophragm only.
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Revised description:
Stover and Helby, 1987, p. 275
Description:
Shape: Elongate ellipsoidal with a prominent horn and narrowly rounded antapical end.
Wall relationships: Cyst holocavate; ectophragm forming apical horn and antapical protrusion, elsewhere the ectophragm closer to the autophragm and more or less equidistant from it.
Wall features: Ectophragm smooth; epiautophragm with penitabular rows of processes, whereas those on the hyop-autophragm apparently nontabular. Processes also present in the cingular area.
Archaeopyle: Apical Type [tA]; operculum free.
Paratabulation: Indicated on epicyst as 4`, 6``, by penitabular features and by the archaeopyle; paratabulation not determined for the hypocyst.
Paracingulum Indicated by one or more of the following: indentation of the ectophragm (usually seen best along the lateral margins); 1 or 2 transverse folds; transverse row of processes. The paracingulum subdivides the cyst unequally, epicyst longer than hypocyst.
Parasulcus: Not expressed or indicated by vaguely delimited depression on hypocyst.
Size: Intermediate to large.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Belodinium Cookson and Eisenack, 1960b, emend. Stover and Helby, 1987d. According to Stover and Helby (1987d, p.275), is proximate, holocavate, elongate ellipsoidal, with a prominent apical horn and antapical ectocoel. Autocysts have usually slender, solid or hollow, generally simple processes, with a majority of them in contact with the ectophragm. Processes on epicyst in penitabular rows, processes on hypocyst usually nontabular. Archeopyle apical, operculum free, with accessory sutures between precingular paraplates. The epicyst is longer than the hypocyst.