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Chlamydophorella
From Williams et al., 2017:
[Chlamydophorella, Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, p. 56; Emendations: Duxbury, 1983, p. 41
tax. sr. syn. of Gardodinium Alberti, 1961, according to Davey, 1978. Lentin and Williams, 1981, retained Gardodinium as a separate genus.
tax. sr. syn. of Sepispinula, by implication in Schiøler and Wilson (1998, p.328), who considered the type, Sepispinula ancoriferum, to be a taxonomic junior synonym of Chlamydophorella ambigua - however, Masure in Fauconnier and Masure (2004, p.499) retained Sepispinula.
Type species: Chlamydophorella nyei, Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 (pl.11, fig.1)]
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Original description: [Cookson and Eisenack, 1958]:
Diagnosis:
Shell enclosed in a delicate membrane that is supported by closely arranged slender, bifurcate spines of approximately equal length.
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Modified description:
Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 28:
Synopsis:
Cysts proximate, holocavate, subspherical to elongate ellipsoidal, with or without an apical protrusion or horn; autophragm with numerous nontabular processes of essentially uniform height and covered by an ectophragm; archeopyle apical, Type tA.
Description:
Shape: Subspherical to elongate ellipsoidal; apical end with or without a protrusion or horn.
Wall relationships: Cysts holocavate; ectophragm may form an apical protrusion or horn; elsewhere ectophragm approximately equidistant from autophragm.
Wall features: No parasutural features. Autophragm with numerous nontabular, normally solid processes of essentially uniform height, and covered by a thin ectophragm.
Paratabulation: Generally indicated by archeopyle only or by archeopyle and paracingulum.
Archeopyle: Apical, Type tA; operculum free.
Paracingulum: Not indicated, or weakly indicated by slight increase in the height of the processes in the equatorial area.
Parasulcus: Not indicated.
Size: Small to large.
Affinities:
Gardodinium differs from Chlamydophorella in always having a prominent apical horn, in having a more slender, delicate, less densely distributed processes, and in showing faint indications of paratabulation other than the archeopyle.
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Emended description:
Duxbury, 1983:
Description:
Holocavate dinoflagellate cysts whose autophragms may be spheroidal, ovoidal or flattened ovoidal and may display an apical protuberance. The autophragm bears numerous, solid or hollow processes of generally uniform length supporting a smooth to perforate ectophragm; the ectophragm may mirror the autophragm shape or may be apically produced into a distally closed or open, hollow horn. Parasutures may be faintly discernible on the ectophragm surface in the form of very low ridges. Archeopyle formed by displacement of the entire apical series.
[Chlamydophorella, Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, p. 56; Emendations: Duxbury, 1983, p. 41
tax. sr. syn. of Gardodinium Alberti, 1961, according to Davey, 1978. Lentin and Williams, 1981, retained Gardodinium as a separate genus.
tax. sr. syn. of Sepispinula, by implication in Schiøler and Wilson (1998, p.328), who considered the type, Sepispinula ancoriferum, to be a taxonomic junior synonym of Chlamydophorella ambigua - however, Masure in Fauconnier and Masure (2004, p.499) retained Sepispinula.
Type species: Chlamydophorella nyei, Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 (pl.11, fig.1)]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Original description: [Cookson and Eisenack, 1958]:
Diagnosis:
Shell enclosed in a delicate membrane that is supported by closely arranged slender, bifurcate spines of approximately equal length.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Modified description:
Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 28:
Synopsis:
Cysts proximate, holocavate, subspherical to elongate ellipsoidal, with or without an apical protrusion or horn; autophragm with numerous nontabular processes of essentially uniform height and covered by an ectophragm; archeopyle apical, Type tA.
Description:
Shape: Subspherical to elongate ellipsoidal; apical end with or without a protrusion or horn.
Wall relationships: Cysts holocavate; ectophragm may form an apical protrusion or horn; elsewhere ectophragm approximately equidistant from autophragm.
Wall features: No parasutural features. Autophragm with numerous nontabular, normally solid processes of essentially uniform height, and covered by a thin ectophragm.
Paratabulation: Generally indicated by archeopyle only or by archeopyle and paracingulum.
Archeopyle: Apical, Type tA; operculum free.
Paracingulum: Not indicated, or weakly indicated by slight increase in the height of the processes in the equatorial area.
Parasulcus: Not indicated.
Size: Small to large.
Affinities:
Gardodinium differs from Chlamydophorella in always having a prominent apical horn, in having a more slender, delicate, less densely distributed processes, and in showing faint indications of paratabulation other than the archeopyle.
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Emended description:
Duxbury, 1983:
Description:
Holocavate dinoflagellate cysts whose autophragms may be spheroidal, ovoidal or flattened ovoidal and may display an apical protuberance. The autophragm bears numerous, solid or hollow processes of generally uniform length supporting a smooth to perforate ectophragm; the ectophragm may mirror the autophragm shape or may be apically produced into a distally closed or open, hollow horn. Parasutures may be faintly discernible on the ectophragm surface in the form of very low ridges. Archeopyle formed by displacement of the entire apical series.