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Satyrodinium
From Williams et al., 2017:
[Satyrodinium, Lentin and Manum, 1986, p. 112-114
Type species: Satyrodinium bengalense, Lentin and Manum, 1986 (pl.1, figs.1–3)]
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Original description: [Lentin and Manum, 1986]:
Diagnosis:
Cysts proximate, bicavate, compressed, elongate rectangular, with two to three apical and one or more antapical horns, a mid-apical pore-like structure is commonly present between the two lateral apical horns on the ventral surface; lateral horns may fork to produce four lateral prominences, the narrow depression that forms the notch may continue down the lateral margins towards the antapex; a median antapical `horn` less prominent than the two lateral antapical horns may occur; an appendage may be developed on the left antapical horn; alternatively the variable antapical area may be reduced to only one horn; endocyst elliptical, accommodated by a more or less prominent mid-dorsal bulge; paratabulation indicated by archeopyle only; archeopyle 2a, intercalary, standard hexa.
Remarks:
noted that "Satyrodinium bengalense ... [and by implication the genus Satyrodinium] is remarkable in that it has two or three apical horns and two or three antapical horns. Because the two lateral apical horns may fork, it is possible to have five apical prominences. Lentin and Williams (1976) and Lentin (1983) have indicated how the shape of the intercalary paraplates has a profound effect on the shape of the epicyst. `Broad shoulders`, as seen in the genus Chatangiella, are a distinctive morphology which results from the development of large intercalary paraplates. In our interpretation of Satyrodinium, the la and 3a intercalary paraplates extend apically to produce two lateral apical horns or prominences, between which a central apical horn may occur."
Lentin and Manum, 1986, p.112,114: also observed that "The presence of the apical pore-like structure has not been reported in other peridinioid genera but probably is not unique. The area between the apical horns may or may not have a short central apical horn. When the horn is present ... the apical pore is difficult to see; when the central apical horn is absent the apical pore-like structure is obvious and often has concentric rings around it as though the mid-apical prominence has been pushed down ([Lentin and Manum, 1986] Plate 1, fig.5). The forking of the two apical horns in S. bengalense is in the dorsoventral plane and can be seen best if the horns are twisted and laterally flattened ([Lentin and Manum, 1986] Plate 1, figs.4 and 6). The narrow depression that forms the notch continues down the lateral margins of the cyst ([Lentin and Manum 1986] Plate 1, fig.8) .... The notches in the lateral horns and the depressions along the lateral margins probably correspond to the boundaries between the 1a-2` and 3a-4` paraplates on the epicysts and between the 1```-2``` and 4```-5``` paraplates on the hypocysts ([Lentin and Manum, 1986] Text-Figure 2). Also unique to this genus is the extreme variability of the antapical area, which results in one to three antapical horns.
[Satyrodinium, Lentin and Manum, 1986, p. 112-114
Type species: Satyrodinium bengalense, Lentin and Manum, 1986 (pl.1, figs.1–3)]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Original description: [Lentin and Manum, 1986]:
Diagnosis:
Cysts proximate, bicavate, compressed, elongate rectangular, with two to three apical and one or more antapical horns, a mid-apical pore-like structure is commonly present between the two lateral apical horns on the ventral surface; lateral horns may fork to produce four lateral prominences, the narrow depression that forms the notch may continue down the lateral margins towards the antapex; a median antapical `horn` less prominent than the two lateral antapical horns may occur; an appendage may be developed on the left antapical horn; alternatively the variable antapical area may be reduced to only one horn; endocyst elliptical, accommodated by a more or less prominent mid-dorsal bulge; paratabulation indicated by archeopyle only; archeopyle 2a, intercalary, standard hexa.
Remarks:
noted that "Satyrodinium bengalense ... [and by implication the genus Satyrodinium] is remarkable in that it has two or three apical horns and two or three antapical horns. Because the two lateral apical horns may fork, it is possible to have five apical prominences. Lentin and Williams (1976) and Lentin (1983) have indicated how the shape of the intercalary paraplates has a profound effect on the shape of the epicyst. `Broad shoulders`, as seen in the genus Chatangiella, are a distinctive morphology which results from the development of large intercalary paraplates. In our interpretation of Satyrodinium, the la and 3a intercalary paraplates extend apically to produce two lateral apical horns or prominences, between which a central apical horn may occur."
Lentin and Manum, 1986, p.112,114: also observed that "The presence of the apical pore-like structure has not been reported in other peridinioid genera but probably is not unique. The area between the apical horns may or may not have a short central apical horn. When the horn is present ... the apical pore is difficult to see; when the central apical horn is absent the apical pore-like structure is obvious and often has concentric rings around it as though the mid-apical prominence has been pushed down ([Lentin and Manum, 1986] Plate 1, fig.5). The forking of the two apical horns in S. bengalense is in the dorsoventral plane and can be seen best if the horns are twisted and laterally flattened ([Lentin and Manum, 1986] Plate 1, figs.4 and 6). The narrow depression that forms the notch continues down the lateral margins of the cyst ([Lentin and Manum 1986] Plate 1, fig.8) .... The notches in the lateral horns and the depressions along the lateral margins probably correspond to the boundaries between the 1a-2` and 3a-4` paraplates on the epicysts and between the 1```-2``` and 4```-5``` paraplates on the hypocysts ([Lentin and Manum, 1986] Text-Figure 2). Also unique to this genus is the extreme variability of the antapical area, which results in one to three antapical horns.