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Cribroperidinium granulatum
Cribroperidinium granulatum (Klement, 1960, p.39-41, pl.4, figs.10-13; text-figs.18-20) Stover and Evitt, 1978, p.150. Emendation: Sarjeant, 1984a, p.161-162, as Meristaulax granulata.
Originally Gonyaulax (Appendix B), subsequently Gonyaulacysta, thirdly (and now) Cribroperidinium, fourthly Rhynchodiniopsis, fifthly Meristaulax Sarjeant, sixthly Acanthaulax. Poulsen (1996, p.73) retained this species in Cribroperidinium.
Taxonomic junior synonyms: Gonyaulax (now Cribroperidinium) granuligera, according to Fisher and Riley (1980, p.321) - however, Sarjeant (1984a, p.156-158) retained Gonyaulax (as Cryptarchaeodinium) granuligera; Gonyaulacysta (as Acanthaulax?, now Cribroperidinium) angulosa, according to Fisher and Riley (1980, p.321) - however, Sarjeant and Gocht in Sarjeant (1984a, p.160) retained Gonyaulacysta (as Meristaulax) angulosa.
Brenner (1988, p.35) stated that the specimen designated as the lectotype by Sarjeant (1984a, p.102) cannot be a lectotype since it is not from the same sample as the holotype, citing Article 8 of the 1983 I.C.B.N. (Voss et al., 1983). The current I.C.B.N. Article 9.9 (Greuter et al., 1994) implies that a lectotype must be cited in the protologue, not necessarily from the same sample. Hence, Sarjeant's lectotype cannot be invalidated for that reason. However, Brenner also argued that the morphology of Sarjeant's lectotype differs sufficiently from that of the holotype to constitute a separate species. Thus, Brenner proposed a new lectotype from the same sample as Klement's holotype and illustrated it (Brenner, 1988, pl.1, figs.3a-c); this specimen was not figured in Klement (1960). 1994 I.C.B.N. Article 9.13 specifies that the choice of a lectotype by an author may be superseded if it can be shown to be in serious conflict with the protologue. In contrast to Lentin and Williams (1993, p.2), Williams et al. (1998, p.148) followed Brenner (1988). See also discussion under Meristaulax granulata (Klement).
Helenes (1984, p.116) considered Gonyaulax (now Cribroperidinium) venusta to be a possible taxonomic junior synonym of this species.
Holotype: Klement, 1960, pl.4, figs.10-11; text-figs.18-19 (damaged)
Lectotype: Sarjeant, 1984, pl.3, figs.3-4, text-fig.3; Jan du Chene et al., 1986a, pl.27, figs.7-10; Brenner, 1988, pl.3, figs.2a-b
Age: Middle Oxfordian-Early Kimmeridgian
Lentin and Williams, 1993, p. 137:
According to Brenner, 1988, the specimen designated as the lectotype by Sarjeant, 1984, cannot be a lectotype since it is not from the same sample as the holotype.
As defined in I.C.B.N. Article 7.5, a lectotype is selected from the original material. Whether this has to be the same sample is not made clear.
Brenner, 1988, also reasoned that the morphology of the lectotype, as designated by Sarjeant, 1984, of Acanthaulax granulata differed sufficiently from the holotype to represent a new species.
I.C.B.N. Article 8.1 states that the choice of a lectotype by an author may be superseded if it can be shown to be in serious conflict with the protologue.
Brenner, 1988, designated as the lectotpye the specimen illustrated in Benner,
1988, pl.1, figs.3a-c.
Further, Benner, 1988, give the citation Meristaulax granulata sensu Sarjeant, 1984, and listed the holotype as Sarjeant, 1984, pl.3, figs.3-4.
Poulsen, 1996, p. 73
Cribroperidinium granulatum (Klement 1960) Stover & Evitt 1978
Pl. 8, Fig. 5, Text-Fig. 22b.
Gonyaulax granulata Klement 1960, p. 39-41, pl. 4, figs. 10-13, text-figs. 18-20.
Gonyaulacysta granulata (Klement, 1960), Sarjeant, 1969, p. 9 (in Davey et al.).
Cribroperidinium granulatum (Klement, 1960), Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 50.
Rhynchodiniopsis granulatum (Klement, 1960), Sarjeant, 1982, p. 35.
Cribroperidinium granulatum (Klement, 1960), Stover and Evitt, 1978, Helenes, 1984, p. 122.
Meristaular granulatum (Klement, 1960), Sarjeant, 1984, pl. 3, figs. 3-4, lectotype chosen by Sarjeant (1984).
Acanthaulax granulata (Klement, 1960), Brenner, 1988, p. 35, pl. 1, figs. 3a-c, 5-6, table 15.
non: Gonyaulax granuligera Klement, 1960, p. 41, pl. 5 figs. 4-5.
Remarks. The lectotype proposed by Sarjeant was rejected by Brenner (1988, p. 35), arguing that it was not in accordance with ICBN, article 7.5, i.e. the lectotype chosen by Sarjeant was not from the type material. The lectotype proposed by Brenner (1988, p. 35, pl. 1, figs. 3a-c) is from the original sample and is according to Brenner (1988, p. 35) very like the lost holotype. A lectotype does not necessarily have to come from the same sample (I.C.B.N. Article 7.5), therefore Sarjeant"s lectotype must take precedence over Brenner"s; this is followed herein.
The illustrations of Klement (1960) show that the paratabulation pattern of C. granulatum is cribroperidinioid with a dextrally contorted hypocyst. This is contrary to Brenner"s (1988) interpretation of the paratabulation pattern of Acanthaulax which, according to Brenner (1988), has the parasuture between 4"" and 5"" slightly offset to the right of the parasuture between 3" and 4" (Text-Fig. 22c).
Riley (1980), Lentin and Williams (1981), and Helenes (1984, p. 122) regarded C. granuligerum as a taxonomic junior synonym of C. granulatum. Brenner (1988, p. 35-36) treats these two as separate species, an interpretation which is followed here. Cribroperidinium granulatum differs from C. granuligerum in having striated growth bands (Brenner, 1988, text-fig. 15). Cribroperidinium granuligerum tends to involve accessory archeopyle sutures between paraplates 2", 4", and the paracingulum in the archeopyle formation (Brenner, 1988, p. 36). The horn of C. granulatum is less pronounced than that of C. granuligerum and is mainly composed of spines and septa on a very low protrusion.
Recorded occurrences.
Denmark: Late Callovian or Early Oxfordian to Ryazanian (Gochteodinia villosa Zone, Endoscrinium pharo Subzone).
Poland: Bimammatum - Scythicus Zones.
Originally Gonyaulax (Appendix B), subsequently Gonyaulacysta, thirdly (and now) Cribroperidinium, fourthly Rhynchodiniopsis, fifthly Meristaulax Sarjeant, sixthly Acanthaulax. Poulsen (1996, p.73) retained this species in Cribroperidinium.
Taxonomic junior synonyms: Gonyaulax (now Cribroperidinium) granuligera, according to Fisher and Riley (1980, p.321) - however, Sarjeant (1984a, p.156-158) retained Gonyaulax (as Cryptarchaeodinium) granuligera; Gonyaulacysta (as Acanthaulax?, now Cribroperidinium) angulosa, according to Fisher and Riley (1980, p.321) - however, Sarjeant and Gocht in Sarjeant (1984a, p.160) retained Gonyaulacysta (as Meristaulax) angulosa.
Brenner (1988, p.35) stated that the specimen designated as the lectotype by Sarjeant (1984a, p.102) cannot be a lectotype since it is not from the same sample as the holotype, citing Article 8 of the 1983 I.C.B.N. (Voss et al., 1983). The current I.C.B.N. Article 9.9 (Greuter et al., 1994) implies that a lectotype must be cited in the protologue, not necessarily from the same sample. Hence, Sarjeant's lectotype cannot be invalidated for that reason. However, Brenner also argued that the morphology of Sarjeant's lectotype differs sufficiently from that of the holotype to constitute a separate species. Thus, Brenner proposed a new lectotype from the same sample as Klement's holotype and illustrated it (Brenner, 1988, pl.1, figs.3a-c); this specimen was not figured in Klement (1960). 1994 I.C.B.N. Article 9.13 specifies that the choice of a lectotype by an author may be superseded if it can be shown to be in serious conflict with the protologue. In contrast to Lentin and Williams (1993, p.2), Williams et al. (1998, p.148) followed Brenner (1988). See also discussion under Meristaulax granulata (Klement).
Helenes (1984, p.116) considered Gonyaulax (now Cribroperidinium) venusta to be a possible taxonomic junior synonym of this species.
Holotype: Klement, 1960, pl.4, figs.10-11; text-figs.18-19 (damaged)
Lectotype: Sarjeant, 1984, pl.3, figs.3-4, text-fig.3; Jan du Chene et al., 1986a, pl.27, figs.7-10; Brenner, 1988, pl.3, figs.2a-b
Age: Middle Oxfordian-Early Kimmeridgian
Lentin and Williams, 1993, p. 137:
According to Brenner, 1988, the specimen designated as the lectotype by Sarjeant, 1984, cannot be a lectotype since it is not from the same sample as the holotype.
As defined in I.C.B.N. Article 7.5, a lectotype is selected from the original material. Whether this has to be the same sample is not made clear.
Brenner, 1988, also reasoned that the morphology of the lectotype, as designated by Sarjeant, 1984, of Acanthaulax granulata differed sufficiently from the holotype to represent a new species.
I.C.B.N. Article 8.1 states that the choice of a lectotype by an author may be superseded if it can be shown to be in serious conflict with the protologue.
Brenner, 1988, designated as the lectotpye the specimen illustrated in Benner,
1988, pl.1, figs.3a-c.
Further, Benner, 1988, give the citation Meristaulax granulata sensu Sarjeant, 1984, and listed the holotype as Sarjeant, 1984, pl.3, figs.3-4.
Poulsen, 1996, p. 73
Cribroperidinium granulatum (Klement 1960) Stover & Evitt 1978
Pl. 8, Fig. 5, Text-Fig. 22b.
Gonyaulax granulata Klement 1960, p. 39-41, pl. 4, figs. 10-13, text-figs. 18-20.
Gonyaulacysta granulata (Klement, 1960), Sarjeant, 1969, p. 9 (in Davey et al.).
Cribroperidinium granulatum (Klement, 1960), Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 50.
Rhynchodiniopsis granulatum (Klement, 1960), Sarjeant, 1982, p. 35.
Cribroperidinium granulatum (Klement, 1960), Stover and Evitt, 1978, Helenes, 1984, p. 122.
Meristaular granulatum (Klement, 1960), Sarjeant, 1984, pl. 3, figs. 3-4, lectotype chosen by Sarjeant (1984).
Acanthaulax granulata (Klement, 1960), Brenner, 1988, p. 35, pl. 1, figs. 3a-c, 5-6, table 15.
non: Gonyaulax granuligera Klement, 1960, p. 41, pl. 5 figs. 4-5.
Remarks. The lectotype proposed by Sarjeant was rejected by Brenner (1988, p. 35), arguing that it was not in accordance with ICBN, article 7.5, i.e. the lectotype chosen by Sarjeant was not from the type material. The lectotype proposed by Brenner (1988, p. 35, pl. 1, figs. 3a-c) is from the original sample and is according to Brenner (1988, p. 35) very like the lost holotype. A lectotype does not necessarily have to come from the same sample (I.C.B.N. Article 7.5), therefore Sarjeant"s lectotype must take precedence over Brenner"s; this is followed herein.
The illustrations of Klement (1960) show that the paratabulation pattern of C. granulatum is cribroperidinioid with a dextrally contorted hypocyst. This is contrary to Brenner"s (1988) interpretation of the paratabulation pattern of Acanthaulax which, according to Brenner (1988), has the parasuture between 4"" and 5"" slightly offset to the right of the parasuture between 3" and 4" (Text-Fig. 22c).
Riley (1980), Lentin and Williams (1981), and Helenes (1984, p. 122) regarded C. granuligerum as a taxonomic junior synonym of C. granulatum. Brenner (1988, p. 35-36) treats these two as separate species, an interpretation which is followed here. Cribroperidinium granulatum differs from C. granuligerum in having striated growth bands (Brenner, 1988, text-fig. 15). Cribroperidinium granuligerum tends to involve accessory archeopyle sutures between paraplates 2", 4", and the paracingulum in the archeopyle formation (Brenner, 1988, p. 36). The horn of C. granulatum is less pronounced than that of C. granuligerum and is mainly composed of spines and septa on a very low protrusion.
Recorded occurrences.
Denmark: Late Callovian or Early Oxfordian to Ryazanian (Gochteodinia villosa Zone, Endoscrinium pharo Subzone).
Poland: Bimammatum - Scythicus Zones.